Cords brass

Tire Cord. Melamine resins are also used to improve the adhesion of mbber to reinforcing cord in tires. Textile cord is normally coated with a latex dip solution composed of a vinylpyridine—styrene—butadiene latex mbber containing resorcinol—formaldehyde resin.. The dip coat is cured prior to use. The dip coat improves the adhesion of the textile cord to mbber. Further improvement in adhesion is provided by adding resorcinol and hexa(methoxymethyl) melamine [3089-11 -0] (HMMM) to the mbber compound which is in contact with the textile cord. The HMMM resin and resorcinol cross-link during mbber vulcanization and cure to form an interpenetrating polymer within the mbber matrix which strengthens or reinforces the mbber and increases adhesion to the textile cord. Brass-coated steel cord is also widely used in tires for reinforcement. Steel belts and bead wire are common apphcations. Again, HMMM resins and resorcinol [108-46-3] are used in the mbber compound which is in contact with the steel cord to reinforce the mbber and increase the adhesion of the mbber to the steel cord. This use of melamine resins is described in the patent Hterature (49). 

Another market appHcation for naphthenic acid is the tire industry, where cobalt naphthenate is used as an adhesion promoter (see Adhesives Tire cords). Cobalt naphthenate improves the bonding of brass-plated steel cords to mbber, presumably by suppressing the de-zincification of brass (50). Its first reported use was in 1970 and the first patent for its use was issued in 1975 (51). About 900 t of cobalt naphthenate is used worldwide as an adhesion promoter, half of it in North America. The unit value fluctuates between 8.75—13.25 /kg because of the volatility of cobalt prices. Although it is the industry standard, the use of cobalt naphthenate is declining with the advent of more economical high metal-containing substitutes. 

Insoluble Sulfur. In natural mbber compounds, insoluble sulfur is used for adhesion to brass-coated wire, a necessary component in steel-belted radial tires. The adhesion of mbber to the brass-plated steel cord during vulcanization improves with high sulfur levels ( 3.5%). Ordinary rhombic sulfur blooms at this dose level. Crystals of sulfur on the surface to be bonded destroy building tack and lead to premature failure of the tire. Rubber mixtures containing insoluble sulfur must be kept cool (<100°C) or the amorphous polymeric form converts to rhombic crystals. 

Silica. The main uses of siUca are in the treads of off-the-road tines for improved chunking and tear resistance and as a component of the bonding system for brass and 2inc-plated steel cord. These are commonly used in radial passenger and tmck tire belt skim stock. In addition the body pHes of steel radial tmck tires, hoses and belts, and footwear use significant volumes of siUca as a reinforcing filler. 

Adhesives in the Tire Industry. Cobalt salts are used to improve the adhesion of mbber to steel. The steel cord must be coated with a layer of brass. During the vulcanization of the mbber, sulfur species react with the copper and zinc in the brass and the process of copper sulfide formation helps to bond the steel to the mbber. This adhesion may be further improved by the incorporation of cobalt soaps into the mbber prior to vulcanization (53,54) (see Tire cords). 

The donor selected for this study consisted of detonating cord, ferrule booster. The acceptor expl was confined in either a thin steel cup or a heavy-walled brass bushing. 

Other types of coupling agents include 1,2-diketones for steel,27 nitrogen heterocyclic compounds such as benzotriazole for copper,28,29 and some cobalt compounds for the adhesion of brass-plated tire cords to rubber.30... 

Natural materials can be found in many forms in museum collections. The items in this photograph include wool, cotton, wood, leather, dried plant materials, paints, and metal alloys. Rug/carpet kurdish mid-twentieth century wool on cotton, naturalpigments/dye. Basket Hopi piki-bread tray, wicker, early twentieth century. Kachina c. 1970 cottonwood root with water-based (poster) paint, fabric, wool, feathers, yarn, fur ruff, unsigned (cloth "cape is also painted). Books calfskin, marbled paper, gold. Baseball leather, linen cord, pen ink. Glove leather, metal (grommets). Gun wood, metal (brass, steel). 

For communications, there is another type, following the RJ-w specifications. It s a rather strange-looking connector, with a tab on the bottom and small brass connectors on top. These connectors are easy to identify—just look at the connectors on your telephone. The connector on the end of the cord that runs from the phone to the wall is an RJ-11 connector. The connector on the end of the cable that runs from your handset to your phone is the smaller, RJ-12 connector. You may have seen the type of network cable that uses an RJ-45 connector, which looks about twice as big as an RJ-11 connector. 

The apparatus with a cylinder rotating in liquid in a fixed cylinder is usually called the Couette viscometer in the Pochettino viscometer6 the two cylinders rotate in opposite directions. In Searle s7 apparatus (Fig. 6.VIIIE) a brass cylinder C of radius a is supported on a vertical spindle A pivoted at its ends, and dips to a depth / in a liquid in a cylinder B of radius b. The cylinder C is rotated by weights mg in scale pans which pull on cords passing round a drum of diameter d attached to the spindle, on the top of which is a disc a used with an index b to measure the period of rotation, t0. Then ... 

Adhesion Tests. The wire used for testing was National Standard single strand, brass-plated wire (diameter, 0.16"). Two polyester cord materials were used, DuPont T-68-1300/3 and Fiber Industries T-785-1000/3. 

Sweetnam, P.M., Sanon, H.R., White, L.A., Brass, B.J., Jaye, M. and Whittemore, S.R. (1991) Differential effects of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors on spinal cord cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons. J. Neurochem. 57 237-249. 

The adhesion between rubber and brass-plated steel (e.g., steel tire cords for belted radial tires) has been the subject of much study and speculation. Brass plating is the major method of obtaining adhesion between natural rubber and the steel of tire cords. Over the years there has been much speculation about its mechanism, but there is agreement on one aspect of the adhesion of natural rubber to brass-plated steel the actual adhesion between the natural rubber and the brass-plated cord, formed in situ during the vulcanization process, is an interfacial layer of sulfides and oxides of copper (Buchan, 1959 van Ooij, 1979, 1984). 

Recently, van Ooij et al. have reviewed adhesion of steel tire cord to rubber (van Ooij et al., 2009). The authors reviewed the literature extensively and provided an updated model for adhesion to brass-plated tire cord, which incorporated observations made by many techniques. They discussed the effects of different compounding ingredients and the possible alternatives to the current brass coatings. They note that the use of cobalt compounds improves the adhesion between rubber and brass-coated cords, but new adhesion promoters have been developed as replacements for Co, or for combined use with Co. They also discussed the use of phenolic-resin adhesion promoters. They describe the various techniques that have been developed to study the rubber-brass interface and its aging mechanism. 

The thin coating of brass on the steel cord is the primary adhesive used in steel-to-rubber bonding. The quality of this bonding system built up during vulcanization of, for example, a radial tire will influence the performance of the steel ply or steel belt in the tire and, ultimately, the durability of the product. Though the mechanism of bond formation in rubber-steel cord adhesion is very complex, a brief review of the current understanding of wire to rubber adhesion is presented. 

Diffusion of metallic copper domains to the surface following oxidation by R—S c is not affected, as Cu + ions migrate along grain boundaries of the ZnO layer. Thus if a cobalt salt is used, formation of copper sulfide at the cord surface will be accelerated, whereas ZnS generation will be hindered (Figure 14.18). This review is necessarily brief, and the reader is encouraged to consult additional references for further detail on the chemistry of rubber-brass adhesion (Bekaert Corporation, 2004 van Ooij, 1984). 

Wire and fiberglass, being high-modulus inorganic belt cords, are not processed like textile cords. Steel cord is brass plated at the foundry and, thus, can be used directly at the calendars. Glass yarn is treated with adhesive dip and then used directly in the weaving operation. 

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