Copper—water—chloride system

For the copper(II) chloride system, a maximum and minimum were observed. Maximum and minimum points have also been observed for the 1 -propanol-water system saturated with copper(II) chloride. The explanation for these singular points will be made after demonstration of the solubility data. 

Wasson JT (1985) Meteorites Their Record of Early Solar System History. New York Ereeman Wesolowski DJ, Benezeth P, Palmer DA (1998) ZnO solubility and Zrf+ complexation by chloride and sulfate in acidic solutions to 290°C with in-situ pH measurement. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62 971-984 Wessel P, Smith WHF (1991) Free software helps map and display data. EOS Trans AGU 72 445-446 Xiao Z, Gammons CH, Williams-Jones AE (1998) Experimental study of copper(I) chloride complexing in hydrothermal solutions at 40 to 300°C and saturated water vapor pressure. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62 2949-2964... 

Vapor-liquid equilibrium data at atmospheric pressure (690-700 mmHg) for the systems consisting of ethyl alcohol-water saturated with copper(II) chloride, strontium chloride, and nickel(II) chloride are presented. Also provided are the solubilities of each of these salts in the liquid binary mixture at the boiling point. Copper(II) chloride and nickel(II) chloride completely break the azeotrope, while strontium chloride moves the azeotrope up to richer compositions in ethyl alcohol. The equilibrium data are correlated by two separate methods, one based on modified mole fractions, and the other on deviations from Raoult s Law. 

Figure 1 shows the equilibrium data for the ethanol-water systems saturated with copper(II) chloride, strontium chloride, or nickel(II) chloride. Figure 2 shows the temperature-compositions diagrams corrected to 700 mmHg. 

In this equation, a and b are constants characteristic of the system. The modified mole fraction is the one defined by Lu (34) from the compositions on a salt-free basis and from the vapor pressure of the pure components and of the salt plus pure liquid solutions. Figures 5 and 6 show the values of X i and X+i corresponding, respectively, to ethanol and water for each of the three systems. For nickel(II) chloride and strontium chloride, the experimental data follow a straight line, while for copper(II) chloride the data form three straight lines, as was expected (24) from the maximum and minimum in the temperature diagram. 

The exponent n indicates the deviation of the system with salt from the salt-free system. Figure 7 shows the values of log TryjPp vs. log (Xsi7i°) for the ethanol-water system saturated with copper(II) chloride, nickel(II) chloride, and strontium chloride respectively. The values for n obtained from the above system are shown in Table II. 

Figure 8. Empiric correlation of Alvarez-Bueno-Galan for the ethanol-water system and ethanol-water saturated with copper(II) chloride, nickel(II) chloride, and strontium chloride...

Accurate self-consistent thermochemical data for the copper chlorides up to 200°C are required, in order to improve solubility calculations and electrochemical modelling capabilities for Aspen Plus and OLI software. Experimental work has been initiated at the University of Guelph, Canada and UOIT to determine a comprehensive thermochemical database, for solubility limits of OMIT, and aqueous cupric chloride versus chloride concentration and temperature using UV-VIS spectroscopy (Suppiah, 2008). The chloride ion is obtained by adding LiCl OMIT. The conditions of tests are primarily 25-200°C, up to 20 bars. Specialised equipment for this task is needed to reach elevated temperatures and pressures, because cupric chloride is chemically aggressive, and because changes in the solution concentrations must be made precisely. A titanium test cell has been custom made, including a UV-VIS spectrometer with sapphire windows, HPLC pumps and an automated injection system. The data acquired will be combined with past literature data for the cuprous chloride system to develop a self-consistent database for the copper (I) and copper (II) chloride-water systems. 

Recommended inhibitor (sodium dichromate) concentrations are 2 kg/m of CaCla and 3.2 kg/m of NaCl brine. Sodium dichromate when dissolved in water or brine makes the solution acid. Steel, iron, copper, or red brass can be used with brine circulating systems. Calcium chloride systems are generally equipped with albiron-and-steel pumps and valves to prevent electrolysis in event of acidity. Copper and red brass tubing are used for calcium chloride evaporators. Sodium chloride systems are using all-iron or all-bronze pumps. 

The combination of a (tetraarylporphyrinato)Fe photocatalyst and molecular oxygen transforms strained alkenes to (preferentially) epoxides, whereas unstrained olefins lead to allylic oxygenation products [89]. The use of water-soluble metal porphyrin complexes (Mn , Fe ) facilitates the separation of substrates and products in aqueous solvent systems [90]. Copper(II) chloride induces chemo- and regioselectivity in the photooxyclorination of olefins (eq. (11)) [91]. 

Oxidations. Various primary and secondary alcohols are oxidized to give aldehydes and ketones by PdfOAcl -O -pyridine in the presence of 3A molecular sieves. Modified Wacker processes which obviate copper and chloride employ the Pd(OAcl -02 system and a water-soluble 1, 10-phenanthroline ligand or polypyrrole as redox-active ligand.- ... 

Any constituents in the water that, would. act as catslysts. in the corrosion Of aluininutn, beryllium, or stainless, steel..parts of the process-water system would also be undesirable. For this, reason it is necessary to minimize the amounts of lead, nickel, copper, and chlorides in the water. Ah additional advantage of a low mineral content in the water is that the amount of radioactivity induced in the water is appreciably reduced, thus reducing shielding requirements of the system. 

Dimethylphenol and 2-allyl-6-methylphenol are used together with di-iU,-hydroxo-bis[(MA, A W -tetramethylethylenediamine)copper(II)] chloride as a catalyst. Water/toluene is used as a heterogeneous solvent system. It was found that the molecular weight of Allyl-PPE could be easily controlled by changing... 

Silver and copper ions act synergistically in the killing of Legionella bacteria, which are known to multiply in biofilms in hot water distribution systems. Copper-silver ionization has been used successfully to control Legionella spp. in many US hospital hot water systems after 5 to 11 years of operation however, high pH values and elevated chloride concentrations have negative effects on the biocidal efficacy of copper and silver, respectively, in water systems (Lin et al., 2002). 

Recently, Goddart et al. [6] reported a polyvinyl alcohol-copper(ll) initiating system, which can produce branched polymers on surfaces. The initiating system is prepared by dissolving polyvinyl alcohol in water that already contains copper nitrate (or copper chloride). The calcium carbonate filler is dipped into the solution and dried. If this is used for polymerization of an olefin (say, styrene), it would form a polymer that adheres to the particles, ultimately encapsulating them. The mechanical properties of calcium-carbonate-fiUed polystyrene have been found to depend strongly on filler-matrix compatibihty, which is considerably improved by this encapsulation. 

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