Copper mortar

Copper, burned copper and flowers of copper with vinegar also yield ios. It may be assumed that as between verdigris (carbonate) and acetate of copper, no distinction was made ios of the Greeks and chrysocolla of the Latin writers cover both. Also the method of obtaining ios by rubbing copper and vinegar in a copper mortar is given by Dioscorides as previously by Theophrastus. When Theophrastus speaks of chrysocolla, he refers to malachite or to some other copper salts or mixtures of salts, vitriols, etc. 

In his booklet De Lapidibus (On Stones), Theophrastus of Eresus described what is believed to be the first surviving testimony on relationship between grinding, as a means to introduce a mechanical force, and a chemical change as a consequence thereof [2]. It was a reduction of native cinnabar to the liquid mercury metal in the presence of vinegar, carried out in a copper mortar with a copper pestle ... 

As early as in the fourth century BC, native cinnabar was rubbed with vinegar in a copper mortar with a copper pestle yielding the liquid metal, that is, mercury [19]. This is probably the most ancient documented chemical recipe and describes a mechanochemical reaction, a chemical reaction that is induced by the direct absorption of mechanical energy [20]. A small amount of hquid accelerates or even enables mechanochemical reactions between solids. Mechanical treatment provides energy to break chemical bonds, or facihtates grinding reactions, which proceed due to an increase of the contact area between the sohd reactants. 

Theophrastus does write about a sulfur derivative, cinnabar (mercuric sulfide). Theophrastus described a strange reaction of this material when citmabar was rubbed with vinegar in a copper mortar, pure mercury was produced. This bizarre, even magical, metamorphosis is arguably the first dociunented chemical reaction ... 

There is a tendency for the water produced by the combustion to condense in the narrow neck of the combustion tube, instead of passing right over into the absorption tube. To avoid this, two movable copper hooks Q are mounted on a copper rod, which can slide in and out of a hole cut in the mortar P these may be placed over the beak of the combustion tube and conduct sufficient heat from the mortar to vaporise the water once again so that it is driven over by the Oxygen stream into the absorption tube R. 

At the end of the sweeping out, the tap Ti is first closed, and then the taps T3, T4, Ts and Tj in this order. The tubes R and S are then detached from the beak of the combustion tube, the guard tube V is then detached from them and replaced on the combustion tube beak. The furnace and thermostatic mortar are then switched off and the combustion tube allowed to cool with the tap to the oxygen supply open. The bung J is removed, and the boat withdrawn by means of a piece of rigid copper wire with a small hook in the end that fits into the small hole in the lip at the back of the boat the bung is then replaced and the boat transferred to its block in the desiccator. 

Place 50 g. of o-chloronitrobenzene and 75 g. of clean dry sand in a 250 ml. flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer. Heat the mixture in an oil or fusible metal bath to 215-225° and add, during 40 minutes, 50 g. of copper bronze or, better, of activated copper bronze (Section 11,50, 4) (1), Maintain the temperature at 215-225° for a further 90 minutes and stir continuously. Pour the hot mixture into a Pyrex beaker containing 125 g. of sand and stir until small lumps are formed if the reaction mixture is allowed to cool in the flask, it will set to a hard mass, which can only be removed by breaking the flask. Break up the small lumps by powdering in a mortar, and boil them for 10 minutes with two 400 ml. 

Carbon and Hydrogen.—Carbon compounds are frequently inflammable, and when heated on platinum foil take fipe or char and burn away. A safer test is to heat the substance with some easily reducible metallic oxide, the oxygen of which forms carbon diovide with the carbon present. Take a piece of soft glass tube about 13 cm. (5 in.) long, and fuse it together at one end. Heat a gram or two of fine copper oxide in a porcelain crucible for a few minutes to drive off the moisture, and let it cool in a desiccator. Mix it with about one-tenth of its bulk of powdered sugar in a mortar. Pour the mixture into the tube, the open end of which is now drawn out into a wide capillary and oeni. at the same time into the form Fig. i. 

Zement-kalk, m. hydraulic lime, -kalkmdrtel, m. lime-and-oement mortar, -kalkstein, m. hydraulic limestone, -kohle, /. cementation carbon, -kufe, -kiipe, /. cement (or concrete) vat. -kupfer, m. cement copper, -mastiz, m. mastic cement, -metoll, n. metal precipitated by the cementation process. -miUk, /. thin cetnent mortar. 

Copper(I) chloride was ground to a fine powder with a mortar and pestle before use. 

Prepare the copper oxide-lead chromate as follows Spread a thin layer of coarse copper oxide over a small iron plate, heat from above with a blow pipe until the glow is as bright as possible and sprinkle with a thin layer of finely powdered lead chromate. The chromate melts at once and spreads over the copper oxide forming a firmly adherent layer and causing the strips of copper oxide to stick together a little. Now turn the cake over and treat the under side in the same way. When the mass has cooled break it up gently in a mortar and remove powder and unduly large pieces with a sieve. 

Calcium oxide was used in ancient times to make mortar for building with stone. Both the metal and calcium compounds have many industrial as well as biological uses. Metallic calcium is used as an alloy agent for copper and aluminum. It is also used to purify lead and is a reducing agent for beryllium. 

The 60/40 mixt was cast-loaded to a density of 1.65 its mp 65-70°, Expln Temp 264° higher Brisance, by Copper Cylinder Crusher Test 100% (PA=100%) Power by Ballistic Mortar 96% (PA=100) Deton Velocity by Dautriche Method 7050m/sec Impact Sensitivity with 15kg Weight 14cm (max wt for no expins) Friction Sensitivity 60kg (max pressure betw two rubbing surfaces for no explns). Used, under the name Type 98, in Navy Bombs,... 

The electrochemical replacement of one metal by another was noticed by Pliny in antiquity. He mentioned that iron looks like copper if it is smeared with vinegar or alum previously ground in a bronze mortar [275], Metal replacement seems to have also been used in the Roman era for tin-plating bronze, as well as underlying the recipes for the preparation of iron surfaces to receive amalgam gilding that are given in the 9th century [276],... 

Put about 0.01 g of anhydrous copper sulphate and several crystals of potassium iodide into a dry porcelain mortar. Mix these substances with a pestle, and then triturate them. What do you observe Add a few drops of water to the mixture. Explain the observed phenomena. Write the equation of the reaction. 

Fio. 9. Sketch of field emission microscope assembly for mobility studies. D, inner Dewar <8, screen A, anode T, tip, TA, tip assembly M, platinum foil mortar, filled with copper wires, oxidized in ssiln electric heating of M produces a controllable flux of oxygen MA, gas emitter assembly V, vacuum lead, sealed off. Outer Dewar and electrical leads are not shown. 

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