Copper mercury exposure

Devi, V.U. 1987. Heavy metal toxicity to fiddler crabs, Uca annulipes LatreiUe and Uca triangularis (Milne Edwards) tolerance to copper, mercury, cadmium, and zinc. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39 1020-1027. Devi, V.U. and Y.R Rao. 1989. Heavy metal toxicity to fiddler crabs, Uca annulipes Latreille and Uca triangularis (Milne Edwards) respiration on exposure to copper, mercury, cadmium, and zinc. Bull. 

N-acetyl-p-D-glucosaminidase (Figure 4). No significant correlation was evident for other renal parameters U-albumin, U-orosomucoid, U-p2-microglobulin, U-copper, S-creatinine, and S-p2-microglobulin. Studies on chlor-alkali workers in Scandinavia [122-124] have reported minimal and apparently reversible renal effects from mercury exposures in this occupational group as evaluated by urinary excrebon of NAG, albumin and titers of autoantibodies. These investigators noted that a small number of susceptible individuals may exist and that selenium status appears to have a major effect on urinary NAG excretion [124]. 

Wataha JC, Lockwood PE and Schedle A (2000) Effect of silver, copper, mercury and nickel ions on cellular proliferation during extended, low-dose exposures. J Bone Miner Res 52 360—364. 

Fig. 7, Effects of a 1 1 mixture of copper-mercury (— —) on developmental stages of the rainbow trout. The mixture was less toxic than copper (—) at low exposure levels but equally toxic as mercury (—) when the concentration was increased to 0.05 mg/liter. When LCjo values for individual metals were compared, mercury was approximately 25 times more toxic than copper. The curve for calculated additive effects (solid line) served as a basis for assessing antagonism and synergism. [Reprinted with permission from Copper in the Environment (J. O. Nriagu, ed.). Copyright , John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.]...

In fishes, additive or more-than-additive toxicity occurs with mixtures of salts of copper and mercury, copper-zinc-phenol, and copper-nickel-zinc (Birge and Black 1979). Accumulation of copper in gills of fathead minnows during exposure to 16 pg Cu/L is reduced by added ionic calcium, which competes with Cu for gill binding sites (Playle et al. 1992). 

The selection of the correct dissolution step in coal decomposition is vital in determining trace elements. Such elements as copper and nickel can easily be picked up as contaminants from the laboratory environment or reagents. Other elements such as mercury and selenium can be lost in the dissolution step. The dissolution procedure involving the least exposure to contamination without potential loss of volatile components should be used in for each trace element. 

Thallium metal is bluish-gray upon fresh exposure, changing to dark gray on standing, this oxidation increased with temperature above 25°C soft, and may be easily cut with a knife. It is malleable but of low tenacity, so that it must be extruded to form wire HNO3 is the best solvent forms alloys with many metals, e.g., mercury, cadmium, zinc, silver, copper, magnesium,... 

Dibenzyl diselenide crystallises from alcohol in yellow needles, which are slightly deeper in colour than those of the p-nitrobenzyl compound, and melt at 92° to 93° C. Exposure to light for an hour or so causes the crystals to turn red. The selenide readily dissolves in hot alcohol, but is only sparingly soluble in ether, insoluble in water. Oxidation with fuming nitric acid converts it into benzyl seleninic acid, and boiling with copper or mercury in suspension precipitates selenium. Boiling with iodine in chloroform solution gives the tetra-iodide, M.pt. 98° C. the tetrabromide melts at 137° C.5... 

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