Copper, Manganese, and Molybdenum

as mentioned above, is an electron dealer it facilitates electron transfer or oxidation reduction reactions. Several other elements also function as oxidation-reduction catalysts. They include copper, manganese, and molybdenum. The basic common character is that they can readily change their oxidation states. 

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Bibak, A., Moberg, J.R and Borggaard, O.K. (1994) Distribution of cobalt copper manganese and molybdenum in Danish spodosols and u t soh. Acta Agric. Scand., Section B - Soil Plant Sci., 44, 208-213. 

Pantothenic acid and pantothenates may also be analyzed following derivatization to extend the chromophore and hence allow UV detection at higher wavelengths or fluorometric detection. Hudson et al. (63) have attempted to analyze the vitamin as a P-alanine-fluorescamine complex. The derivatization procedure was lengthy and required extensive sample cleanup before the hydrolysis step due to the interference of riboflavin, niacinamide, and some minerals such as zinc, copper, manganese, and molybdenum. Although these interferences were eliminated, the method did not yield reproducible results. 

Sec also Chelates and Chelation Cobalt Copper Gold Hydrate Iron Manganese and Molybdenum (In Biological Systems). 

Heanes [97] has described a method for determining copper, manganese and zinc in ashed plant extracts by flame AA spectrophotometry after cobalt and molybdenum have been assayed on separate aliquots of the same plant extracts by a spectrophotometric procedure [102]. (See Sect. 7.34.3). Ashing aids were necessary to maintain accuracy in the determinations. Concentrations of up to 3.5% m/m of silicon and calcium and 4% m/m of chlorine in the plants did not affect the determinations, but in some instances lower concentrations were determined in plant samples containing equal or higher levels of both added silica and calcium. 

Failla, M.L. 1999. Considerations for determining optimal nutrition for copper, zinc, manganese and molybdenum. Proc Nutr Soc 58 497-505. 

Coordination complexes, particularly chelates, play fundamental roles in the biochemistry of both plants and animals. Trace amounts of at least nine transition elements are essential to life—vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, and molybdenum. 

The trace elements can be classified into several categories (see table). In 1989, the National Research Council recognized that iron, iodine, zinc, selenium, copper, chromium, manganese, and molybdenum were dietary essentials for humans. Fluorine is also considered to be valuable for human health, because of its benefits to the teeth and skeleton. These nine trace elements are required by humans and other animals because they are essential components in metalloen-zymes and hormones or because they promote health in a specific tissue (such as fluorine in the teeth and skeleton). The trace elements required by the human body in milligram quantities include iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and fluorine. Trace elements required in microgram (jjug) quantities... 

Trace elements, including potassium, magnesium, and iron, are required by microorganisms, while caldum, sodium, and silica may be necessary for the growth of some species. There may also be a requirement for traces of zinc, copper, cobalt, manganese, and molybdenum. 

The manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, and molybdenum ions of this group are all essential for plants and animals. In addition, vanadium, chromium, nickel, and tin are essential for animals. The soil solution concentrations and plant availabilities of these ions generally decline with increasing pH. Molybdenum is an exception and becomes more available with increasing pH. Reducing conditions dissolve Mn2+ andFe2+. 

The micronutrients of major interest to soil chemistry because of plant deficiencies are boron, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, and molybdenum. Other ions— chromium, nickel, cadmium, mercury, and lead—behave similarly in soils but the problems are usually plant toxicity. The availability of most of the micronutrient and toxic ions increases with increasing soil acidity. Those present as anions—-molybdenum, chromium, and boron—differ in that their availability generally decreases with increasing acidity. 

The origin of phosphorous for microbial metabolism is usually via phosphates usually as soluble inorganic compounds. Micro-organisms require minerals containing potassium, magnesium and iron while some may require calcium, sodium or silicon. Other trace elements required may include zinc, copper, cobalt, manganese and molybdenum. 

Hulagur, B. F., and Dangarwala, R. T. (1982). Effect of zinc, copper and phosphorus fertilization on the uptake of iron, manganese and molybdenum by hybrid maize. Madras Agric. J. 69 11-16. 

Gupta, V. K., and Mehla, D. (1979). Copper, manganese and iron concentration in berseem Trifolium alexandrinum) and copper-molybdenum ratio as affected by molybdenum in two types of soil. Plant Soil 51 587-602. 

Correction of these micronutrient deficiencies may be accomplished by soil or foliar application. Boron, copper, zinc, manganese, and molybdenum are usually applied to the soil. Molybdenum. is required..in such sraall quantities that it is often dusted on seeds. Iron is usually added as a chelated material and is foliar applied. 

The essentiality of most of the elements mentioned above could have been confidently predicted from the discussions W e have developed in earlier chapters. Nitrogen and sulphur are constituent elements of proteins and many other cell constituents. The importance of phosphorus compounds such as nucleic acids, phospholipids and co-eri2ymes has been stressed several times. Magnesium is a constituent of the chlorophylls. Iron, copper, zinc, manganese and molybdenum are essential to the functioning of particular enzymes. In other cases, like that of calcium, their involvement in metabolism is less well understood and in still other cases, like potassium and boron, is almost completely obscure. 

The physical and mechanical properties of steel depend on its microstmcture, that is, the nature, distribution, and amounts of its metaHographic constituents as distinct from its chemical composition. The amount and distribution of iron and iron carbide determine most of the properties, although most plain carbon steels also contain manganese, siUcon, phosphoms, sulfur, oxygen, and traces of nitrogen, hydrogen, and other chemical elements such as aluminum and copper. These elements may modify, to a certain extent, the main effects of iron and iron carbide, but the influence of iron carbide always predominates. This is tme even of medium alloy steels, which may contain considerable amounts of nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. 

A U.S. Bureau of Mines survey covering 202 froth flotation plants in the United States showed that 198 million tons of material were treated by flotation in 1960 to recover 20 million tons of concentrates which contained approximately 1 billion in recoverable products. Most of the worlds copper, lead, zinc, molybdenum, and nickel are produced from ores that are concentrated first by flotation. In addition, flotation is commonly used for the recoveiy of fine coal and for the concentration of a wide range of mineral commodities including fluorspar, barite, glass sand, iron oxide, pyrite, manganese ore, clay, feldspar, mica, sponumene, bastnaesite, calcite, garnet, kyanite, and talc. 

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