Copper dialysis

Many electroless coppers also have extended process Hves. Bailout, the process solution that is removed and periodically replaced by Hquid replenishment solution, must still be treated. Better waste treatment processes mean that removal of the copper from electroless copper complexes is easier. Methods have been developed to eliminate formaldehyde in wastewater, using hydrogen peroxide (qv) or other chemicals, or by electrochemical methods. Ion exchange (qv) and electro dialysis methods are available for bath life extension and waste minimi2ation of electroless nickel plating baths (see... 

Water soluble protein with a relative molecular mass of ca. 32600, which particularly contains copper and zinc bound like chelate (ca. 4 gram atoms) and has superoxide-dismutase-activity. It is isolated from bovine liver or from hemolyzed, plasma free erythrocytes obtained from bovine blood. Purification by manyfold fractionated precipitation and solvolyse methods and definitive separation of the residual foreign proteins by denaturizing heating of the orgotein concentrate in buffer solution to ca. 65-70 C and gel filtration and/or dialysis. 

Other workers have determined zinc in serum by direct dilution 87> 88). McPherson and George 89) determined total copper and zinc of red cells and the free copper and zinc of plasma and dialysis fluids of patients undergoing regular hemodialysis, using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Spry and Piper 90) determined zinc in whole blood and plasma in blood cells of iron deficient rats. The zinc concentrations were raised in the iron deficient rats. 

Dialysis units provided highly efficient means for increasing selectivity in a dynamic system by placement in front of a lithium-selective electrode constructed by incorporating 14-crown-4 ether 3-dodecyl-3 -methyl-1,5,8,12-tetraoxacyclotetradecane into a PVC membrane that was in turn positioned in a microconduit circuit by deposition on platinum, silver or copper wires. The circuit was used to analyse undiluted blood serum samples by flow injection analysis with the aid of an on-line coupled dialysis membrane. For this purpose, a volume of 200 pL of sample was injected into a de-ionized water carrier (donor) stream and a 7 mM tetraborate buffer of pH 9.2 was... 

Peroxynitrite reacts with the active site of superoxide dismutase (SOD) to form a nitronium-like species (Fig. 37), analogous to the Fe EDTA reactions described earlier. However, copper in the active site of superoxide dismutase was necessary for the formation of the adduct. Removing copper from the active site by reduction with borohydride and dialysis against 50 mM KCN resulted in no adduct being formed, while restoration of copper to the active site gave back full enzyme activity. To account for the essential role of copper in the active site and the subsequent formation of 3-nitrotyrosine located 18-21 A distal from the active site, we proposed that peroxynitrite is attracted by the same electrostatic force field that draws superoxide into the active site (Beckman et al., 1992 Ischiropoulos et al., 1992b). Peroxynitrite appears to bind to copper in the active site to form a transient cuprous adduct as shown. 

Aulakh, J. S. and Stine, C. M. 1971. Binding of copper by certain milk proteins as measured by equilibrium dialysis. J. Dairy Sci. 54, 1605-1608. 

Similarities with respect to the location of cysteine, histidine and methionine residues in the proteins of azurin, plastocyanin and ceruloplasmin indicate that the type 1 centres in ceruloplasmin are similar to those in the other two proteins. The nine-line superhyperfine splitting in the ESR spectrum of the type 2 Cu has been interpreted in terms of four equivalent nitrogen ligands.978 This was observed in a protein from which the type 1 copper was depleted by dialysis against ascorbate. 

Truitt, R.E. and Weber, 3.H., 1981. Copper II - and cadmium II - binding abilities of some New Hampshire freshwaters determined by dialysis titration. Environm. Sci. Technol., 15 1204-1208. 

Berggren, D. (1989) Speciation of aluminium, cadmium, copper, and lead in humic soil solutions - a comparison of the ion exchange column procedure and equilibrium dialysis. Int.J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 35, 1-15. 

Copper ferrocyanide may be obtained in colloidal form of high chemical purity by prolonged dialysis of the solution obtained by mixing equivalent solutions of sodium ferrocyanide and copper chloride (or sulphate).8... 

In acute copper toxicosis (378), peritoneal dialysis has also been successfully implemented with simultaneous administration of penicillamine. In order to bridge the time until hver transplantation can be carried out, plasmapheresis and haemofiltrations are recommended. 

Copper levels in serum of CARD patients tend in general to be lower than those noted in the presence of a normal function. As for zinc however, its deficiency seems not to be due to the dialysis treatment itself. Here, loss of the element as the ceruloplasmin compound into the peritoneum has been suggested... 

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