Copper, arsenite

CUPRIC ACETOARSENITE see COPPER ACETOARSENITE CUPRIC ARSENITE see COPPER ARSENITE... 

Copper compounds are used routinely and widely to control freshwater snails that serve as intermediate vectors of schistosomiasis and other diseases that afflict humans (Hasler 1949 NAS 1977 Rowe and Prince 1983 Winger etal. 1984 Al-Sabri etal. 1993). These compounds include copper sulfate, copper pentachlorophenate, copper carbonate, copper-tartaric acid, Paris green (copper arsenite-acetate), copper oxide, copper chloride, copper acetyl acetonate, copper dimethyl dithiocar-bamate, copper ricinoleate, and copper rosinate (Cheng 1979). Also, many species of oyster enemies are controlled by copper sulfate dips. All tested species of marine gastropods, tunicates, echinoderms, and crabs that had been dipped for 5 seconds in a saturated solution of copper sulfate died if held in air for as little as a few seconds to 8 h mussels, however, were resistant (MacKenzie 1961). 

Condensed Phosphoric Acid Copper Acetate Copper Acetoarsenite Copper Arsenite Copperas... 

Cumene Hydroperoxide Copper Acetate Copper Arsenite Copper Bromide Copper Chloride Copper Fluoioborate Copper Arsenite Copper Cyanide Copper Nitrate Copper Oxalate Copper Sulfate... 

Compound Name Hydrogen Peroxide Copper Arsenite Ethyl Nitrite Latex, Liquid Synthetic Oil Tall Tallow... 

Copper Arsenites.—A natural arsenite known as trippkeite, of composition Cu0.As203, is found in the form of bluish-green tetragonal crystals 9 a c =1 0-9160) associated with cuprite in Chile. By... 

Commercial methods of producing copper arsenate consist in heating copper arsenite at 600° to 700° C. in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere,3 or in heating basic copper chloride with an arsenate or arsenic acid.4... 

Like zinc, copper and its compounds have been used since ancient times, with copper dust, acetate, sulfate and carbonate reported in Egyptian and Hindu prescriptions, and also used by Hippocrates and Galen. Copper arsenite was used in 1892 for anemia and debility. Copper sulfate was recommended to strengthen man, to stimulate the heart and blood vessels, to increase deposition of fat and to treat anemia. The adult requirement is 1.25 mg Cud-1, about one third of which is absorbed. TPN should be supplemented with 0.5—1.5 mg d-1 (adults) and 20 gg (kg weight)-1 d-1 (children). 

Determination of the Arsenic.—This is carried out with Schwein-furt green, which may contain it, besides as copper arsenite, also partly as free arsenious anhydride, this being recognisable under the microscope by its octahedral form. 

Inorganic arsenicals find limited use as pesticides. Examples include arsenious oxide in cattle dips, zinc arsenite as a wood preservative, and calcium and lead arsenates and Paris green (double salt of copper arsenite and copper acetate) as insecticides30. ... 

Water-soluble inorganic salts acid copper chromate ammoniacal copper arsenite chromated copper arsenate chromated zinc chloride fluor chrome arsenate phenol... 

Alkaline earth metal arsenites are less soluble than those of the alkali metals and heavy metal arsenites tend to be insoluble. Orthoarsenites are known, for example, AgsAsOs. Once utiUzed as a green pigment was the copper arsenite CuHAsOs, and as an insecticide, Paris green, 3Cu(As02)2 Cu(C2H302)2, which is an acetate arsenite. None of these is in nse at the present time. 

Pollution with arsenic can also be due to human, industrial activity, and most of the arsenic in the atmosphere is from the burning of fossil fuels. Arsenic has been used in fruit sprays, insecticides (lead arsenate), weedkillers (sodium or copper arsenite), rat poison, sheep dips, fly papers, wood preservative, and in glass-making. It is now also used in the semiconductor industry. Apparently, it was used as a pesticide by the Chinese centuries ago. Most of the arsenic used commercially in the world is probably contained in various pesticides. This inevitably leads to contamination of the environment. 

The levels of arsenic found, up to 11 ppm, are more consistent with therapeutic use of arsenic, such as in Fowler s solution (see p. 224). An alternative explanation is that the wallpaper and draperies in the house where he lived were coloured with pigments, such as Scheele s green dye (copper arsenite), which contained arsenic. Samples of the wallpaper have been found which do indeed contain arsenic, it is known that in damp conditions, in the presence of mould, this dye wiii reiease a voiatiie organic form of arsenic, methylarsine, which is very toxic. Such a case of poisoning occurred more recently in the US Embassy in Rome in the 1950s. 

While the use of sugar of lead as a sweetener died out after the fall of the Roman Empire, the use of lead salts in food did not. Much more recently, for example, lead chromate, or chrome yellow , has been used to colour sweets and custard powder. As recently as the nineteenth century toxic metal salts were used as food colourants, for example the dye Scheele s green was used to colour blancmanges green. This dye is copper arsenite, containing both copper and, more importantly, arsenic. 

SYNS ACID COPPER ARSENITE AIR-FLO GREEN ARSONIC ACID, COPPER(2+) SALT (1 1) (9CI) COPPER ARSENITE, solid pOT) CUPRIC ARSENITE CUPRIC GREEN SCHEELES GREEN SCHEELE S MNERAL SWEDISH GREEN... 

The carbonates, sulphates, and borates are decomposed. The sulphides of the alkalies and alkaline earths are decomposed while the sulphides of arsenic, antimony, molybdenum, zinc, cadmium, tin, iron, lead, copper, mercury, and palladium are not attacked. Cobalt sulphate is not attacked, while the sulphates of the alkalies and alkaline earths are attacked and dissolved. Alkali tungstates, ammonium arsenite and arsenate, copper arsenite, ammonium magnesium arsenate, ammonium molybdate and vanadate, potassium cyanide and ferrocyanide are decomposed. Paraffin is not attacked shellac, gum arabic, gum tragacanth, copal, etc., are decomposed. Celluloid is slowly attacked. Silk paper, gun cotton, gelatin, parchment are dissolved. M. Meslans 22 has studied the esterification of alcohol by hydrofluoric acid. 

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