Copolymer macromolecules

Creton, C., Kramer, E.J., Hui, C.-Y. and Brown, H.R., Failure mechanisms of polymer interfaces reinforced with block copolymers. Macromolecules, 25, 3075-3088 (1992). Boucher et al., E., Effects of the formation of copolymer on the interfacial adhesion between semicrystalline polymers. Macromolecules, 29, 774-782 (1996). 

Soapless seeded emulsion copolymerization has been proposed as an alternative method for the preparation of uniform copolymer microspheres in the submicron-size range [115-117]. In this process, a small part of the total monomer-comonomer mixture is added into the water phase to start the copolymerization with a lower monomer phase-water ratio relative to the conventional direct process to prevent the coagulation and monodispersity defects. The functional comonomer concentration in the monomer-comonomer mixture is also kept below 10% (by mole). The water phase including the initiator is kept at the polymerization temperature during and after the addition of initial monomer mixture. The nucleation takes place by the precipitation of copolymer macromolecules, and initially formed copolymer nuclei collide and form larger particles. After particle formation with the initial lower organic phase-water ratio, an oligomer initiated in the continuous phase is... 

Copolymer macromolecules are composed of a single backbone having simple grafts attached to it, i.e., the macromolecules are of the comb-like type. No further grafting of grafted chains is contemplated (4). 

In this case, aldehyde groups of the copolymer macromolecule serve as the reducing agent and cerium (Ce4+) salts as the oxidizing agent. 

Cao X. and Faust R., Polyisobutylene based thermoplastic elastomer 5. Poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) tri-block copolymers by coupling of living poly(styrene-b-isobutylene) di-block copolymers. Macromolecules, 32, 5487, 1999. 

Ban H.T., Kase T., Kawabe M., Miyazawa A., Ishihara T., Hagihara H., Tsunogae Y., Murata M. and Shiono T.A. New approach to styrenic thermoplastic elastomers S3Tithesis and characterization of crystalline styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymers. Macromolecules, 39, 171, 2006. 

Sakurai S., Kawada H., Hashimoto T., and Fetters L.J. Thermoreversible morphology transition between spherical and cyUndrical microdomains of block copolymers. Macromolecules, 26, 5796, 1993. 

Hajduk D.A., Gmner S.M., Rangarajan P., Register R.A., Fetters L.J., Honeker C., Albalak, R.J., and Thomas E.L. Observation of a reversible thermotropic order-order transition in a diblock copolymer. Macromolecules, 27, 490, 1994. 

LeiblerL., Theory of microphase separation in block copolymers. Macromolecules, 13, 1602, 1980. Eoerster S., Khandpur A.K., Zhao J., Bates E.S., Hamley I.W., Ryan A.J., and Bras W. Complex phase behavior of polyisoprene-polystyrene diblock copolymers near the order-disorder transition. Macromolecules, 21, 6922, 1994. 

Brzezinska KR, Curtin SA, Deming TJ (2002) Polypeptide end-capping using functionalized isocyanates preparation of pentablock copolymers. Macromolecules 35 2970-2976... 

Schlaad H, Smarsly B, Losik M (2004) The role of chain-length distribution in the formation of solid-state structures of polypeptide-based rod-coil block copolymers. Macromolecules 37 2210-2214... 

Linder, S. M. and Thelakkat, M. (2004) Nanostructures of n-type organic semiconductor in a p-type matrix via self-assembly of block copolymers. Macromolecules, 37, 8832-8835. 

The simplest, from the viewpoint of topological structure, are the linear polymers. Depending on the number m of the types of monomeric units they differentiate homopolymers (m=1) and copolymers (m>2). In the most trivial case molecules in a homopolymer are merely identified by the number l of monomeric units involved, whereas the composition of a copolymer macromolecule is defined by vector 1 with components equal to the numbers of mono-... 

This ensures the necessary ordering of reacting side groups for an elementary act to take place although the copolymer macromolecules exhibit a low mobility 109). 

AJ Dualeh, CA Steiner. Bulk and microscopic properties of surfactant-bridged hydrogels made from an amphiphilic graft copolymer. Macromolecules 24 112-116, 1991. 

Fujita, H Ooya, T. and Yui, N. (1999) Thermally induced localization of cydodextrins in a polyrotaxane consisting of (3-cydodextrins and poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol) triblock copolymer. Macromolecules, 32, 2534-2541. 

Fig. 1 Typical snapshot of a protein-like copolymer macromolecule, in which H monomeric units are shown as dark grey spheres and P units are shown as light grey spheres (adopted from [13])... 

Each copolymer macromolecule is chemically inhomogeneous along its length. 

The solution of the problems of the first kind implies an in depth consideration of the formation of a multiblock copolymer macromolecule at the interphase boundary. This process may be described in the framework of the above-discussed physicochemical model as follows. 

A. Hilberer, H.-J. Brouwer, B.-J. van der Scheer, J. Wildeman, and G. Hadziioannou, Synthesis and characterization of a new efficient blue-light-emitting copolymer, Macromolecules, 28 4525-4529, 1995. 

T. Ahn, M.S. Jang, H.-K. Shim, D.-H. Hwang, and T. Zyung, Blue electroluminescent polymers control of conjugation length by kink linkages and substituents in the poly(p-phenylene vinylene)-related copolymers, Macromolecules, 32 3279-3285, 1999. 

A.M. Sarker, E.E. Giirel, M. Zheng, P.M. Lahti, and F.E. Karasz, Synthesis, characterization, and photophysical studies of new blue-emitting segmented copolymers, Macromolecules, 34 5897-5901, 2001. 

W. Wang, J. Xu, Y.-H. Lai, and F.Wang, Alternating aromatic and transannular chromophores with and without linker effect of transannular tt-tt interaction on the optical property of dithia-paracyclophane-based copolymers, Macromolecules, 37 3546-3553, 2004. 

B. Liu, W.-L. Yu, Y.-H. Lai, and W. Huang, Synthesis, characterization, and structure-property relationship of novel fluorene-thiophene-based conjugated copolymers, Macromolecules, 33 8945-8952, 2000. 

E. Lim, B. Jung, and H. Shim, Synthesis and characterization of a new light-emitting fluorene-thieno[3,2-6]thiophene-based conjugated copolymer, Macromolecules, 36 4288-4293, 2003. 

Li, Z. B. Hillmyer, M. A. Lodge, T. P., Control of structure in multicompartment micelles by blending mu-ABC star terpolymers with AB diblock copolymers. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 765-771. 

Shi, Z. Q., and Holdcroft, S. 2005. Synthesis and proton conductivity of partially sulfonated poly([vinylidene difluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene]-b-styrene) block copolymers. Macromolecules 38 4193-4201. 

Hoogenboom R, Wiesbrock F, Huang H et al. (2006) Microwave-assisted cationic ringopening polymerization of 2-oxazolines a powerful method for the synthesis of amphiphilic triblock copolymers. Macromolecules 39 4719-4725... 

Cyriac A, Lee SH, Varghese JK, Park ES, Park JH, Lee BY (2010) Immortal C02/propylene oxide copolymerization precise control of molecular weight and architecture of various block copolymers. Macromolecules 43(18) 7398-7401... 

Lou X, Detrembleur C, Jerome R (2002) Living cationic polymerization of 5-valerolactone and synthesis of high molecular weight homopolymer and asymmetric telechelic and block copolymer. Macromolecules 35 1190-1195... 

Mecerreyes D, Atthoff B, Boduch KA, Trollsas M, Hedrick JL (1999) Unimolecular combination of an atom transfer radical polymerization initiator and a lactone monomer as a route to new graft copolymers. Macromolecules 16 5175-5182... 

Gauthier S, Eisenherg A. Vinylpyridinium ionomers. 2. Styrene-based ABA block copolymers. Macromolecules 1987 20 760-767. 

Bondzic S, DeWit J, Polushkin E, Schouten AJ, Ten Brinke G, Ruokolainen J, Ikkala O, Dolbnya I, Bras W. Self-assembly of supramolecules consisting of octyl gaUate hydrogen bonded to polyisoprene-htock-poly(vinylpyridine) diblock copolymers. Macromolecules 2004 37 9517-9524. 

Lee KM, Han CD. Order-disorder transition induced by the hydroxylation of homogeneous polystyrene-h/ock-polyisoprene copolymer. Macromolecules 2002a 35 760-769. 

Lee KM, Han CD. Microphase separation transition and rheology of side-chain liquid-crystalline block copolymers. Macromolecules 2002b 35 3145-3156. 

Leibler L. Theory of microphase separation in block copolymers. Macromolecules 1980 13 1602-1617. 

Lutz JF, Thunemann AF, Rurack K. DNA-like melting of adenine- and th3miine-functionalized synthetic copolymers. Macromolecules 2005 38 8124-8126. 

Mather BD, Baker MB, Beyer FL, Green MD, Berg MAG, Long TE. Multiple hydrogen bonding for the noncovalent attachment of ionic functionality in block copolymers. Macromolecules 2007b 40 4396-4398. 

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