Copenhagen school

A different result is predicted by the Copenhagen school for this specific experiment. Since the theta waves do not exist, the expected intensity is given simply by... 

Causal quantum theories have been developed to handle the empirical quantum evidence, and some of these theories, such as de Broglie s theory in its linear approximation, are almost as good as the usual orthodox quantum theory. A relative large number of experiments were even developed to test de Broglie s causal theory and other alternative theories as well, but only a few limited number of these proposed experiments were carried out effectively. And even so they were not carried out thoroughly. As a consequence, the results obtained were not conclusive, and no solid conclusion in favor or against the completeness of the usual orthodox interpretation of the Copenhagen School... 

Niels Bohr, bom Copenhagen, 1885. Ph.D. University of Copenhagen. Professor, University of Copenhagen. Nobel Prize in physics 1922. Founder of the Copenhagen school interpretation of quantum theory. Died Copenhagen, 1962. 

A worse dilemma was created by the user-friendly nature of wave mechanics, arising from the relative ease of manipulating differential equations, compared to the diagonalization of matrices. Most physicists who had eagerly anticipated the appearance of a generally applicable quantum theory immediately turned to wave mechanics. The Copenhagen school must have perceived this as a dangerous development that could potentially pollute the purity of quantum mechanics and they started to develop an interpretational structure that would eliminate deviant perceptions created by wave mechanics. 

The conventional conceptual content of quantum mechanics was initiated by the Copenhagen School when it was recognized that one could express the linear Schrodinger wave mechanics [28] in terms of a probability calculus, whose solutions are represented with a Hilbert function space. Max Bom then interpreted the wave nature of matter in terms of a spatially distributed probability amplitude—a wave represented by a complex function—to accompany the material particle as it moves from one place to another. The Copenhagen view was then to define the basic nature of matter in terms of the measurement process, with an underlying probability calculus, wherein the probability densities (for locating the particles of matter/volume) are the real-number-valued moduli of the matter wave amplitudes. 

The profound physical meaning [42], the capacity to gain an accurate and deep understanding of the phenomenology and the philosophical implications [43,44] of the representation of quantum mechanics proposed by Madelung [29], Landau [32], and London [33] (MLL) cannot be overstressed. Bohm showed that the hydrodynamical quantum mechanics is deterministic and provides an interpretation of physical reality alternative to that of the Copenhagen School [34, 35]. 

The study of the effects of hydrogen ion equilibria on enzyme reactions has a long and distinguished history. It made contributions to the reliability of kinetic information, to our knowledge of protein stability and to the identification of essential catalytic groups and their reactivities. Sorensen (1912) made major contributions to the study of reactions of proteins. They were based on the great tradition of the Copenhagen school of physical... 

This process can be eimer spontaneous, i.e. due to me interaction with me surrounding environment of me quantum object, or voluntary, i.e. induced by an external observer performing a measurement. In the classic Copenhagen School me interpretation made by Von Neumann [21] a measurement is claimed to be associated wim me collapse (or reduction) of me wavefunction mrough a weird clouded mechanism. As a consequence of mis collapse, observation of one of me possible values of me investigated system property is allowed. How and where mis collapse would occur is a mystery, but in quantum physics the classical systems (me observers or meir instruments) are postulated to be collapsers , mereby... 

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