Volume matter

In most applications, thermodynamics is concerned with five fundamental properties of matter volume (V), pressure (/ ), temperature (T), internal energy (U) and entropy (5). In addition, three derived properties that are combinations of the fundamental properties are commonly encountered. The derived properties are enthalpy (//). Helmholtz free energy (A) and Gibbs free energy ) ... 

Lochhead,R. A., Oquendo, M. A, Mann, J. J. and Parsey,R.V. Regional brain gray matter volume differences in bipolar disorder patients as assessed by optimized voxel-based morphometry. Biol. Psych. 55 1154-1162, 2004. 

Brody et al, (2004) 19 17 5,1 31 Smokers had smaller gray matter volumes and lower gray matter densities in PFC, smaller volumes left dorsal ACC, and lower gray matter densities in right cerebellum. 

Durazzo et al. (2007) 17 36 NR NA Among heavy drinkers, smokers had smaller temporal lobe and total gray matter volume than nonsmokers. Heavy drinkers who were smokers also exhibited smaller volumes of temporal, parietal, and total neocortical gray matter. 

F%. 1 Voxel-based morphometry showing smaller gray matter volumes and densities in smokers than nonsmokers in dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices DLPFC, VLPFC) and right cerebellum (Brody et al. 2004)... 

Sttuctural deficits such as those described, however, may contribute to the cognitive deficits observed in nicotine-deprived smokers (for review, see Heishman et al. 1994 Parrott et al. 1996). The differences in gray matter volumes and densities in the DLPFC between smokers and nonsmokers are of particular interest. The DLPFC plays an essential role in maintenance and manipulation of information in working memory (Callicott et al. 1999 D Esposito et al. 1999), and other cognitive domains (Richeson et al. 2003). Nicotine-deprived smokers exhibit performance deficits on tests of working memory (Mendrek et al. 2006), as well as altered activation in the DLPFC associated with working memory (Xu et al. 2005). 

Additional studies suggest relationships between diminished frontal lobe function and poorly modulated aggression. Using MRl, Raine et al., (2000) found an 11 % reduction in the prefrontal gray matter volume in 21 subjects with ASP, compared to 34 healthy controls, 26 substance abusers, and 21 psychiatric controls. Thus, it appears that ASP with violent behavior is associated with reduced frontal lobe volume. 

Lambe, E.K., Katzman, D.K., Mikulis, D.J., Kennedy, S.H., and Zipursky, R.B. (1997) Cerebral gray matter volume deficits after weight recovery from anorexia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54 537-542. 

H. Kleinert, Fields in Condensed Matter, Volume II Stress and Defects, World Scientific, New York, 1989. 

R. K. Clayton, Light and Living Matter, Volumes 1 and 2, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971. 

Steingard RJ, Renshaw PF, Hennen J, Lenox M, Cintron CB, Young AD, et al. Smaller frontal lobe white matter volumes in depressed adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 2002 52(5) 413-417. 

Chang, K., Karchemskiy, A., Barnea-Goraly, N., Garrett, A., Simeonova, D., Reiss, A. (2005). Reduced amygdalar gray matter volume in familiar pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 565—573. 

Borgwardt SJ, Riecher-Rossler A, Dazzan P, Chitnis X, Aston J, et al. 2007. Regional gray matter volume abnormalities in the at risk mental state. Biol Psychiatry 61(10) 1148-1156. 

Gur RE, Cowell PE, Latshaw A, Turetsky BI, Grossman RI, et al. 2000a. Reduced dorsal and orbital prefrontal gray matter volumes in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psych 57 761-768. 

Kasai K, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, Hirayasu Y, Lee CU, et al. 2003a. Progressive decrease of left superior temporal gyrus gray matter volume in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 160(1) 156-164. 

Onitsuka T, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, Dickey CC, Kasai K, et al. 2004. Middle and inferior temporal gyrus gray matter volume abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia An MRI study. Am J Psychiatry 161(9) 1603-1611. 

Schlaepfer TE, Harris GJ, Tien AY, Peng LW, Lee S, et al. 1994. Decreased regional cortical gray matter volume in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 151(6) 842-848. 

Sullivan EV, Lim KO, Mathalon D, Marsh L, Beal DM, et al. 1998. A profile of cortical gray matter volume deficits characteristic of schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 8 117-124. 

Structural Studies Patients with antisocial personality disorder have been shown to have reduced prefrontal gray matter volumes (Raine et al., 2000). In addition, these individuals exhibit abnormalities in the corpus callosum (Raine et al., 2003), showing an increased callosal length and white matter volume, but a decreased thickness. They also showed evidence of increased functional efficiency of interhemispheric interaction, which was not, however, associated with their anatomical measures. Raine et al. interpreted their results as indicative of either abnormal white matter pruning or increased myelination in the callosum. 

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