Cooking oils

When gases that are somewhat soluble in a Hquid concentrate are used, both concentrate and dissolved gas are expeUed. The dissolved gas then tends to escape into the atmosphere, dispersing the Hquid into fine particles. The pressure within the container decreases as the product is dispersed because the volume occupied by the gas increases. Some of the gas then comes out of solution, partially restoring the original pressure. This type of soluble compressed gas system has been used for whipped creams and toppings and is ideal for use with antistick cooking oil sprays. It is also used for household and cosmetic products either where hydrocarbon propeUants cannot be used or where hydrocarbons are undesirable. 

Hydrogels are used ia the refining of edible oils to adsorb phosphohpids, trace metals, and soaps (103). The adsorption capacity depends on the ease of hydration of the adsorbates, so best performance demands careful control of moisture content ia the system (104). Sihca hydrogel ia combination with alumiaa has beea fouad to be useful for purifyiag used cooking oils ia order to extead their life and enhance the quahty of the fried food (105). 

Edible Oil. For edible uses, oilseed oils are processed into salad and cooking oils, shortenings, margarines, and confectionery fats such as for candy, toppings, icings, and coatings (73). These products are prepared by a series of steps, as outlined for soybean oil in Figure 6. 

Figure 13.22 shows the resolution of the surfactants Tween 80 and SPAN. The high resolution obtained will even allow the individual unreacted ethylene oxide oligomers to be monitored. Figure 13.23 details the resolution of many species in both new and aged cooking oil. Perhaps the most unique high resolution low molecular weight SEC separation we have been able to obtain is shown in Fig. 13.24. Using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as the mobile phase at 145°C with a six column 500-A set in series, we were able to resolve Cg, C, Cy, Cg, C9, Cio, and so on hydrocarbons, a separation by size of only a methylene group. Individual ethylene groups were at least partially resolved out to Cjg. This type of separation should be ideal for complex wax analysis.

FIGURE 13.23 Using the PDA detector and THF at SO C. a comparison of soybean cooking oils provides good separations of the glycerides. 

Biodiesel is diesel fuel produced from vegetable oils and other renewable resources. Many different types of oils can he used, including animal fats, used cooking oils, and soybean oil. Biodiesel is miscible with petroleum diesels and can he used in biodiesel-diesel blends. Most often blends are 20 percent biodiesel and 80 percent traditional diesel. Soy diesel can be used neat (100%), hut many other types of biodiesel are too viscous, especially in winter, and must be used in blends to remain fluid. The properties of the fuel will vaiy depending on the raw material used. Typical values for biodiesel are shown in Table 1. 

Figure 8. One-gallon, high density polyethylene bottle used for cooking oil. A special coating on the exterior preserves freshness by excluding oxy-...

Matter can also be categorized into three distinct phases solid, liquid, and gas. An object that is solid has a definite shape and volume that cannot be changed easily. Trees, automobiles, ice, and coffee mugs are all in the solid phase. Matter that is liquid has a definite volume but changes shape quite easily. A liquid flows to take on the shape of its container. Gasoline, water, and cooking oil are examples of common liquids. Solids and liquids are termed condensed phases because of their well-defined volumes. A gas has neither specific shape nor constant volume. A gas expands or contracts as its container expands or contracts. Helium balloons are filled with helium gas, and the Earth s atmosphere is made up of gas that flows continually from place to place. Molecular pictures that illustrate the three phases of matter appear in Figure 1-12. 

An additional class not currently included in British Standard EN2 is Class F fires including cooking oils or fats. Electrical fires are not classified since any fire involving, or initiated by, electrical equipment will fall within Class A, B or C. 

Other polymers that we blow mold include polyvinyl chloride and polycarbonate. We use the former to make cooking oil and household cleaning product bottles. The latter is used to make the large water bottles that we see in water coolers. 

Several types of bottles are manufactured from polyvinyl chloride via blow molding. Examples include clear bottles used for cooking oils, cosmetic bottles, and clear spice bottles. 

Blow Molding Carbonated beverage bottles Cooking oil bottles Detergent bottles Drinking water bottles ... 

Zhang Y, Dube MA, Mclean DD, Kates M (2003) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil 1 Process design and technological assessment. Biores Tech 89 1-16... 

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