Convulsions intravenous

Pellotine is a convulsant in the frog and cat. Clerc, Janot and Paris, state that the intravenous lethal dose in dogs is 10 mgm./kilo. In chloralosed dogs 5 mgm./kilo slowed the heart and caused a fall in blood pressure the effects lasted for a few minutes and resembled those due to acetylcholine they were inhibited by atropine and increased by yohimbine and ergotamine. A few injections of this dose at short intervals produced convulsions and this effect was inhibited by phenobarbitone. 

Of the other Strychnos alkaloids vomicine has been investigated by Ruickoldt, who finds that in mice and rabbits it causes clonic convulsions, due to stimulation above the level of the anterior corpore quad-ragemina. Convulsions can be elicited after intravenous, but not after subcutaneous, injections. The toxicity is low twelve times the convulsive dose does not cause death. No special action is exerted on blood... 

BARBITURATES. The barbiturate phenobarbital (Luminal) is commonly used to treat convulsive disorders. When administering the barbiturates by the intravenous (IV) route, it is important not to exceed a rate of 60 mg/min and to administer the drug within 30 minutes of preparation. The nurse monitors the patient carefully during administration of a barbiturate. The blood pressure and respirations are taken frequently. Resuscitation equipment and artificial ventilation equipment are kept nearby. 

Alkyl olefinsulfonates (AOS) are essentially nontoxic with reported LD50 values in mice of 3000 mg/kg (oral), 1660 mg/kg (subcutaneous), 170 mg/kg (intraperitoneal), and 90 mg/kg (intravenous). The toxic signs seen at the higher doses included reduced voluntary activity, diarrhea, anemia, dyspnea, and respiratory collapse. Clonic convulsion followed by respiratory collapse was seen in mice given the material intravenously [147,148]. 

Convulsions are treated with slow intravenous administration of diazepam (0.1—0.3 mg/kg for children 10 mg for adults) this treatment may be... 

FIGURE 6. Histograms depicting doses of PCP and related compounds which produced (A) maximal disruption of rotarod performance (B) loss of righting reflex (C) clonic and/or toxic convulsions and (D) lethality in rats (n=6) given cumulative intravenous doses... 

Valproate Sodium Valproate sodium is an older AED that was released as an intravenous preparation (Depacon ) in 1996. Although it is not FDA-approved for SE, its use has been documented in various types of SE including generalized tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and non-convulsive SE.22,23 Reports indicate... 

In rabbits under light amytal anesthesia, chlordan has no direcr effect on the blood pressure, but produces a type of respiration having many characteristics in common with Cheyne-Stokes type. The generalized tremors, opisthotonus, tonic and clonic convulsions, produced by chlordan were decreased or abolished and respiration restored to normal by suitable injections of the sodium salts of amytal, phenobarbital, and pentothal. The LD60 of chlordan, which was about 20 mg. per kg. on intravenous administration to intact rabbits, was increased to about 60 mg. per kg. through the antidotal action of the barbiturates. An unidentified chlorine-containing degradation product with acidic properties was recovered from the urine of rabbits treated with chlordan. Approximately one third of its chlorine content was set free on hydrolysis at 100° C. with sodium hydroxide in either absolute alcohol or in water. 

Methyl fluoroacetate, a mobile liquid, has an extremely faint odour. Animals did not usually exhibit any symptoms while being exposed to lethal concentrations of this vapour, and no obvious effects were noted until some 30-60 min. (depending upon the concentration) after exposure. Violent convulsions then took place and death usually followed within a few hours. For rabbits and guinea-pigs the lethal concentration (l.c. 50) for a 10 min. exposure was of the order of 0-1 mg./l. Mice were rather more resistant. Intravenous injection produced symptoms similar to those displayed after exposure to the vapour. Even with large doses a delayed action was observed. The l.d. 50 for rabbits (intravenously) was found to be about 0-25 mg./kg. 

Prolonged febrile convulsions can be treated by administration of diazepam (benzodiazepine) as a slow intravenous infusion or rectally. 

Johnson and colleagues have summarized the major toxicological observations made after administration of vinblastine or vincristine to other animals Ib). In rabbits and cats intravenous doses of 0.2 mg/kg vincristine were lethal after the second to the fifth dose on a schedule involving drug administration two to three times a week. Signs consistent with neurotoxicity were observed in rabbits and cats for example, a head drop phenomenon, characteristic of neuromuscular dysfunction, was observed in rabbits, and clonic convulsions were observed in cats. Vincristine is lethal to dogs when administered at 0.05 mg/kg, intravenously, five times in a 1-week period. Vincristine is lethal to monkeys when administered five times on a schedule of 1 mg/kg weekly comparable toxicity is observed when the drug is administered more frequently (daily) at lower doses (e.g., 0.2 g/kg). 

A patient with heart failure developed a serious abnormal heart rhythm, ventricular tachycardia, and it was decided to treat this with lig-nocaine (also known as lidocaine) by the intravenous route. He was given a loading dose designed to raise the plasma concentration to an effective 2 mg/1, and then given a constant-rate intravenous infusion aimed at maintaining that concentration. In about an hour he was observed to be tremulous and then had a brief generalized convulsion (a fit). The plasma lig-nocaine concentration was found to be 8 mg/1 (desired therapeutic range 1 - no more than 5 mg/1). 

Amide-type agents include articaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, prilocaine, mepivacain and ropiva-caine. These are metabolized in the liver by microsomal enzymes with amidase activity. The amide group is preferred for parenteral and local use. If by accident rapidly administered intravascularly these agents, especially bupivacaine but also lidocaine, can produce serious and potentially lethal adverse effects including convulsions and cardiac arrest. They can more easily accumulate after multiple administrations. Intravenous lidocaine is sometimes used for regional anesthesia, for infiltration procedures, for the induction of nerve blockade and for epidural anesthesia. However, it is also used as an antiarrhythmic. Bupivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic used for peripheral nerve blocks and epidural anesthesia. 

Treatment for severe ethanol overdose is generally supportive. Increased intracranial pressure can be relieved by intravenous administration of hypertonic mannitol. Hemodialysis can accelerate the removal of ethanol from the body. Stimulants of ethanol metabolism, such as fructose, are not sufficiently effective, and use of analeptics is not recommended because of the possibility of precipitating convulsions. 

---