Control of product gas composition

These relationships allow simple automatic control of product gas composition and temperature. Note, however, that composition and temperature are not independent variables. 

The Imperial Smelting Furnace (ISF) was primarily developed as a blast furnace for the production of zinc. It relies on the concept of reducing zinc oxide in a shaft furnace to produce zinc vapour in the furnace gases. By maintaining high temperatures at the top of the shaft reversion to zinc oxide can be prevented. The hot furnace gases are ducted from the furnace to a condenser where they are chilled using a spray of molten lead at around 500°C, which condenses and absorbs the zinc from the gas stream. This concept requires close control of furnace gas composition and a sealed top furnace. 

Sulfur burning s product gas composition and temperature are readily controlled by adjusting the sulfur furnace s input air/input sulfur ratio. Replacement of some of the input air with oxygen gives the process independent 02/S02, temperature and volume control. 

Carbon removal by the reverse of reactions 6, 7 and 8 is possible, and operating conditions are generally adjusted to ensure that the feed and product gas compositions are far from values that, thermodynamically, would favour carbon formation (critical carbon limit) [1]. However, the approach to equilibrium is kinetical 1y controlled and, depending on the feed and on local conditions in the reactor, coke formation can and does occur [1,3,4]. 

Reaction testing was initiated by enabling the microreactor heaters and setting the heaters either in manual or automatic control mode. In the manual control mode, the operator set the microreactor heater voltages. While in the automatic control mode, the operator could set the desired microreactor heater temperature. The product gas compositions were determined from each of the four reactor channels. 

Develop criteria for use of hydrogen addition as a control knob to eliminate instabilities related to varying product gas composition. 

The loop consists of an in-pile section with the fuel element, deposition section (heat exchanger), filters for collecting condensible Fission Products (FP) during depressurization tests and an out-of-pile section devoted to chemical composition control of the gas and online analysis of gaseous FP. 

Chromatographic techniques, particularly gas phase chromatography, are used throughout all areas of the petroleum industry research centers, quality control laboratories and refining units. The applications covered are very diverse and include gas composition, search and analysis of contaminants, monitoring production units, feed and product analysis. We will show but a few examples in this section to give the reader an idea of the potential, and limits, of chromatographic techniques. 

Three-phase slurry reactors are commonly used in fine-chemical industries for the catalytic hydrogenation of organic substrates to a variety of products and intermediates (1-2). The most common types of catalysts are precious metals such as Pt and Pd supported on powdered carbon supports (3). The behavior of the gas-liquid-sluny reactors is affected by a complex interplay of multiple variables including the temperature, pressure, stirring rates, feed composition, etc. (1-2,4). Often these types of reactors are operated away from the optimal conditions due to the difficulty in identifying and optimizing the critical variables involved in the process. This not only leads to lost productivity but also increases the cost of down stream processing (purification), and pollution control (undesired by-products). 

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