Composition of products

However, this conventional method presents a certain number of limitations. In the first place, the traditional end-use property itself can be difficult to determine. Consider the cetane number for example is it a good characterization of diesel fuel with respect to its behavior in commercial diesel engines In the second place, concern for protecting the environment imposes new specifications which are often specifications linked to the composition of products very low content of certain contaminants, reduced levels of certain families of compounds, or even a specific compound as already discussed. 

Table 4. Composition of Products from Copper Dross Treatment...

Elemental analysis was performed on various coals, pitches, and blends. Table 7 reports the elemental composition of products from WVGS 13407. Compared to the raw coal, the NMP-soluble extract (EXT) contams essentially the same amount of carbon, though there is slightly more hydrogen as mdicated by a... 

Table 10. Elemental composition of products from WVGS 13423...

One of the key pieces of data is the composition of products leaving the reactor. The reactor effluent vapor entering the main fractionator contains hydrocarbons, steam, and inert gases. By weight, the hydrocarbons in the reactor overhead stream are equal to the fresh feed plus recycle minus the portion of the feed that has been converted to coke. If the feed can contain water, it should be analyzed for and corrected. 

The phase composition of products obtained from the thermal treatment of LiNbOF4 and NaNbOF4 was investigated using X-ray diffraction and vibration spectroscopy, as reported in [379]. Compounds with the following structures were found M2NbOF5, MNb02F2 and MNbC>3, where M = Li or Na. 

For clarity the charges are omitted. The percentages correspond to the composition of products obtained by Clusius and Htirzeler (1954). 

The a—time curves for the oxidation reactions [60] of both nickel maleate (534—568 K) and nickel fumarate (548—583 K) were similar to those characteristic of each reactant in vacuum, though E values were reduced to 150 10 kJ mole-1. It was concluded that the distributions of nucleation sites and subsequent patterns of product development were little altered by the change in composition of product from Ni/C (and Ni3C) to NiO. This difference, however, significantly changed the temperature coefficient and stoichiometry of the interface processes, since all carbonaceous material in the reactants was converted to CO2. A constant value of E (150 kJ mole-1) was thus found for the oxidations of the four nickel salts studied [60], the maleate, fumarate, formate and malonate. 

Table I. Composition of Products during the Chlorination of Dibenzo- -dioxin...

Conversion (C) of n-heptane, composition of products and selectivities of toluene and gas products at different temperatures are presented in Table 2 and Fig. 4. Clearly, the conversion of n-heptane and the selectivity of toluene increase with temperature, whereas the selectivity of gas products decreases. At the same temperature the conversion and selectivity of gas products on HYl are slightly lower than that on HYs, but the selectivity of toluene is higher. 

Conversion (C) of n-heptane and composition of products at different temperatures with the... 

Figure 46.3. Experiment A, molar composition of products of glucose conversion after 3h, 100°C reaction (includes control - with no model compounds, and competitive reactions with 1 1 and 1 2 model compound to glucose molar ratios).

Applications Lattimer [37] has reported high-resolu-tion measurements (measured and calculated mass, atomic composition) of product scans of several PP additives (Irganox 1076/3114, Tinuvin 144/622/770, Goodrite 3150, Chimassorb 944) using a sector mass spectrometer of BEoQ geometry. Figure 6.2 and Table 6.8... 

Interaction of lead oxide with bromide salts in phenol at the ratio Br PbO less than 2 yields the precipitation of white sediments with the general formula PbnOm(OPh)(2.z)(n-m)Brz(n-m), where n = 4 - 10, m = 1 - 4, z = 0 - 1 and formation of (n-m) moles of water. Reaction takes place in the presence of a variety of bromide salts including quaternary and alkali metal bromides. In the latter case, the presence of acoordinating solvent, e.g. MeCN, is necessary. The composition of product lead bromophenoxides depends on the Br PbO ratio, bromide salt and solvent. These complexes usually have Pb 0 ratio of 4 1 or 3 1, and variable levels of bromide (including some bromide-free complexes) (Table 3). 

At the completion of a run, the autoclave was cooled by electric fan to room temperature and the autoclave gases were vented through gas meter and analyzed by gas chromatography. Liquid portions of the samples were subjected to gas chromatographic analysis to determine the composition of products. 

The data described above proved that isomerization of alkyl and peroxyl radicals plays a very important role in polymer oxidation. They influence the composition of products of polymer oxidation including the structure of hydroperoxy groups. The competition between reactions of alkyl radical isomerization and addition of dioxygen appeared to be very important for the self-initiation and, hence, autoxidation of PP (see later). 

It is not difficult to write a number of chemical equations to represent physical, thermal, and chemical reactions taking place in a gasification vessel. In theory, gasification processes can be designed so that heat release (exothermic reactions) balances the heat required by endothermic reactions. But in practice many of the above physical, thermal, and chemical reactions may take place simultaneously, making a precise prediction of the quantity and quality or composition of product gas somewhat difficult. 

The quantitative results are compiled in Table 2.6. For peak identification see Fig. 2.3. Storage experiments proved that the carotenoid composition of products did not change markedly in one year, the brownish colouration may be due to the oxidation of flavonoid compounds [27],... 

Thus average composition of product = (51.5/66.7) = 0.77 mole fraction ethanol. 

In tandem MS mode, because the product ions are recorded with the same TOF mass analyzers as in full scan mode, the same high resolution and mass accuracy is obtained. Isolation of the precursor ion can be performed either at unit mass resolution or at 2-3 m/z units for multiply charged ions. Accurate mass measurements of the elemental composition of product ions greatly facilitate spectra interpretation and the main applications are peptide analysis and metabolite identification using electrospray iomzation [68]. In TOF mass analyzers accurate mass determination can be affected by various parameters such as (i) ion intensities, (ii) room temperature or (iii) detector dead time. Interestingly, the mass spectrum can be recalibrated post-acquisition using the mass of a known ion (lock mass). The lock mass can be a cluster ion in full scan mode or the residual precursor ion in the product ion mode. For LC-MS analysis a dual spray (LockSpray) source has been described, which allows the continuous introduction of a reference analyte into the mass spectrometer for improved accurate mass measurements [69]. The versatile precursor ion scan, another specific feature of the triple quadrupole, is maintained in the QqTOF instrument. However, in pre-... 

Temperature (°C) Recovered a-methylstyrene Composition of product (wt. %) Compounds ... 

Alkynes can be reduced electrolytically. Internal alkynes gave 65-80% yields of cis alkenes when electrolysed in 10% sulfuric acid in ethanol at spongy nickel cathode [127], or predominantly trans alkenes if the electrolysis was carried out in a methylamine solution of lithium chloride. The yields of the alkenes and the ratios of trans to cis alkenes varied depending on whether the electrolysis was carried out in divided or undivided cells (yields 24-80%, composition of product 89-99% of trans alkene) [379]. 

Later authors established the approximate composition of products formed in the reaction of acetylene with sulfur at different temperatures. At 325° the composition was found to be CSj 77%, thiophene 9%, thienothiophene 1 6% at 500°, CSj 77%, thiophene 12%, and thienothiophene 1 6% at 650° CS2 83%, thiophene 5%, and thienothiophene 1 3%, with sulfur conversion being 38%, 74%, and 77%, respectively. When studying this reaction at 290°-390°, Bhatt et isolated thiophenol in addition to the above compounds but failed to increase the yield of thienothiophene 1. 

The effect of solvents on the oxidation route as regards the composition of reaction products was investigated for methyl ethyl ketone at 145° to 160°C. at a pressure of 50 atm. (9, 10). The composition of products under these conditions is a function of the competition between two routes of the peroxy radical reactions ... 

Composition of Products of Detonation (and Explosion). See Detonation (and Explosion), Products of... 

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