Contaminated milk

Tab. 5.1 Certified number concentration of colony forming particles of Enterococcus faecium (WR63) in CRM 506 from artificially contaminated milk powder (Mooijman et al. 1999)...

Calves fed 134+137Cs-contaminated milk from birth to age 80 days... 

Reproductive Toxicity. No adverse effects on human reproduction were reported following ingestion of heptachlor-contaminated milk for 27-29 months by women of child-bearing age (Le Marchand et al. 1986). 

A survey of veterinary drug use and residues in milk has been carried out in Hyderabad, India (34). The results of this survey showed that oxytocin and oxytetracycline were frequently used in veterinary formulations. As a result, a total of 9% of the marketed milk samples and 73% of the individual animal milk samples of the 205 milk samples analyzed in this survey contained oxytetracycline residues. Residual concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 1.4 ppm in marketed milk and from 0.2 to 6.7 ppm in samples obtained from individual buffaloes. In contrast, none of the government dairy samples analyzed was found to contain oxytetracycline residues. Maximum oxytetracycline intake by humans through consumption of such contaminated milk was calculated at the level of0.045 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day. 

Direct contamination may sometimes also occur in the animal product itself. Inadequate flushing of antibiotic-contaminated discarded milk from milking equipment has resulted in violative residues in the entire bulk tank (27-29). It has been estimated that contaminated milk from a single cow treated with 200 mg penicillin has the potential to contaminate the combined milk of up to 8000 cows if mixed in bulk tanks (30). 

Analysis of cows milk destined for consumption in Brazil, where endosulfan is used extensively in cotton production but on few other crops, foimd that 10% of samples contained traces of the pesticide. Earlier research conducted in Nicaragua imcovered traces of organochlorine residues in samples of cows milk from at least 38 different sites aroimd the country the most heavily contaminated milk came sites of intensive cotton production. Thus, globally, cottonseed used as animal feed represents a second significant pathway by which hazardous pesticides applied to cotton may enter the human food chain. 

Many countries had large supplies of potassium iodide (KI) to block the uptake of Had KI been available, and use of the contaminated milk been discontinued in favor of other sources, it is doubtful that large numbers of thyroid tumors would have occurred. 

Skin reactions are the commonest adverse effects of therapeutically administered penicillins (120). PeniciUin-contaminated milk or meat can cause itching or generalized skin reactions (121) or even anaphylaxis (122,123). 

Although the episode in Michigan involving contaminated feed occurred in May 1973, incorporation of PBBs into foods was not identified until April 1974. Thus, PBB-containing meats, milk, butter, eggs, and cheese entered the human food chain for almost a year before the PBBs were identified. Concentrations of PBBs (on a fat basis) in milk samples collected from contaminated farms soon after PBBs were found ranged from 2.8 to 595 mg kg Concentrations of PBBs in other products processed from the contaminated milk were as follows butter, l-2mgkg cheese, 1.4—15.0 mg kg and canned... 

Yasuda et al. 1985). Thus far, the most sensitive animal assay for developmental neurotoxicity has been a behavioral paradigm that examined the number of rewarded responses to differential reinforcement at high rates (Bomhausen et al. 1980). At doses of 0.008 mg Hg/kg/day and above, a dose-related decrease in rewarded responses was observed in 4-month-old offspring of rats treated on Gd 6-9. The effect was more pronounced in male offspring than females. Foster mothers were used to preclude consumption of contaminated milk during lactation. 

Certified) Reference materials of artificial composition In this category fall the CRMs and RMs produced by BCR and RIVM (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu in the Netherlands). They consist in gelatine capsules containing artificially contaminated milk powder. Others have been available for several years in interlaboratory performance studies e.g. lenticules from the Public Health Laboratory Service North in Newcastle (PHLS — UK), egg yolk etc.. Usually these (C)RMs are added to the... 

In all three categories, only the contaminated milk powders of BCR produced by RIVM have been certified. They still represent the only certified RM on the market. 

P.H. in t Veld, N.G.W.M van Strijp-Lockefeer, J.A. van Dommelen, M.E. de Winter, A.H. Havelaar and E.A. Maier, The certification of the number concentration of colony forming particles of Bacillus cereus in artificially contaminated milk powder CRM 528. Report EUR 16272 EN, European Commission, Luxembourg (1995). 

Salmonella infections have increased recently as common gastroenteritis disease. The clinical manifestation are diarrhoea, fever, abdominal cramps, tenesmus, headache, myalgia and occasionally nausea and vomiting. The contamination of foods can affect many people in USA in 1985 contaminated milk caused a disease in 170,000 person and in China in 1991 224,000 people are affected through a contaminated ice cream. The main reservoir of Salmonella are poultry, eggs and egg products. Serological test may be useful for the diagnosis. 

Jasinski WK, Watras J, Gwiazdowska BA, et al. 1971. Retention of strontium85 in rats contaminated in utero and fed with the contaminated milk. Radiobiol Radiother 12(3) 325-328. 

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