Containment failure, cause

CFE Early containment failure Fission-product release through a containment failure caused by severe accident phenomenon occurring after the onset of core damage but prior to core relocation. Such phenomena include hydrogen eombustion phenomena, steam explosions, and vessel failure. Large release 2... 

LOCA, is presented in Table 3.4.5-1. In preparing the event tree, reference to the reactor s design determines the effect of the failure of the various systems. Following the pipe break, the system should scram (Figure 3.4.5-2, node 1). If scram is successful, the line following the node goes up. Successful initial steam condensation (node 2 up) protects the containment from initial overpressure. Continuing success in these events traverses the upper line of the event tree to state 1 core cooled. Any failures cause a traversal of other paths in the evL-nl tree. 

A BLEVE s effects will be determined by the condition of the container s contents and of its walls at the moment of container failure. These conditions also relate to the cause of container failure, which may be... 

The comparison of the safety of equipment is not straightforward. It depends on several features of both process and equipment themselves. It can be evaluated from quantitative accident and failure data and from engineering practice and recommendations. Experience has been used for layout recommendations and for the development of safety analysis methods such as the Dow E F Index (Dow, 1987). Statistics contain details, causes and rates of failures of equipment and data on equipment involved in large losses. 

III. Containment failure under design operating conditions due to external causes... 

Blister beetles secrete cantharidin, a powerful vesicant. Crushing a blister beetle between the fingers results in severe blistering of the skin. When horses eat hay containing blister beetles, they often die from gastroenteritis and kidney failure caused by cantharidin poisoning. 

Fee S, Fee T, Fee B, Choi El, Yang M, Ihm CG, Kim M. Fanconi s syndrome and subsequent progressive renal failure caused by a Chinese herb containing aristolochic acid. Nephrology (Carlton) 2004 9 126-129... 

The human literature primarily consists of case reports. In the industrial environment, symptoms including headache, numbness, skin irritation and redness, eye irritation and redness, irritation and redness of the upper respiratory tract, bronchitis, dizziness, somnolence, loss of consciousness, hematopoietic effects, gastritis, hepatitis, and neuromuscular changes have been reported. Accidental ingestion of 5-10 ml of a cleaning agent containing chlorobenzene caused loss of consciousness, vascular paralysis, and heart failure in a child ( 2 years old). 

Metabolic acidosis with an increased SAG commonly results from increased endogenous organic acid production. In lactic acidosis, lactic acid accumulates as a by-product of anaerobic metabolism. Accumulation of the ketoacids /S-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid defines the ketoacidosis of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, alcohol intoxication, and starvation (see Table 51-5). In advanced renal failure, ac-cumulation of phosphate, sulfate, and organic anions is responsible for the increased SAG, which is usually less than 24 mEq/L." The severe metabolic acidosis seen in myoglobinuric acute renal failure caused by rhabdomyolysis may be caused by the metabolism of large amounts of sulfur-containing amino acids released from myoglobin. 

The most severe form of HPP manifests in utero with dramatic hypomineralization, and causes death at, or soon after, birth. The least severe form, odonto HPP, manifests as dental problems in children or in adults. Perinatal/infantile cases of HPP have high mortality with 50 % of the patients succumbing to respiratory failure caused by undermineralization of the ribs. Electron microscopy of perinatal HPP revealed a normal distribution of MVs containing... 

The demonstration that sulfanilamide in patients in congestive heart failure causes excretion of an alkaline urine containing increased amounts of sodium, bicarbonate, and potassium ions with consequence loss in weight and decrease of the edema (56). 

Another part of the reaction which is of interest is shown on the right, the Strecker degradation of the amino acids which produces carbon dioxide (sometimes causing container failure), and an aldehyde which may then further condense with other compounds. These aldehydic condensation products, together with the amino acid-carbohydrate residue, are responsible for many flavors. By deliberately reacting mixtures of different amino acids, flavors of chicken, beef and pork can be reproduced. The browning reaction is fairly rapid and occurs at comparatively low temperatures. ... 

Another term associated with vapor is volatility. It is the tendency of a solid or a liquid to pass into the vapor state easily. This usually occurs with liquids that have low boiling points. A volatile liquid or solid will produce significant amounts of vapor at normal temperatures, creating an additional flammability hazard. The vapor produced by a volatile liquid is affected by wind, vapor pressure, temperature, and surface area. Temperature always causes an increase in vapor pressure and vapor content in an incident. The more vapor pressure in a container, the greater the chance of container failure. The more vapor content, the farther the vapor may travel away from a spill. 

O Brien KL et al Epidemic of pediatric deaths from acute renal failure caused by diethylene glycol poisoning. Acute Renal Failure Investigation Team. JAMA 1998 279(15) 1175-1180. [PMID 9555756] (Case series ot 109 children with severe poisoning from improperly formulated acetaminophen syrup containing 14% diethylene glycol 88 ot the children died.)... 

Harada T, Ohtaki E, Misu K, Sumiyoshi T, Hosoda S. Congestive heart failure caused Ity digitalis toxicity in an elderly man talong a licorice-containing Chinese herbal laxative. CarcMol-0 (2002)98, 218. 

The existence of a hazard merely implies that there is a potential for an accident. Something has to go wrong before an accident could occur. Therefore one has to develop various accident scenarios for each hazard. These scenarios usually involve human error and/or equipment failure. For example, an operator drops a container containing plutonium oxide, and the container cracks, causing the release of airborne Pu02 particulates. 

As can be seen from Fig. 10.1 accidents are the consequence of containment failures. Such failures may be caused by excessive loads on the containment. 

Experimental and theoretical work described in [66] suggests that the blast wave caused by a BLEVE is due to the vapour energy whilst the process of flash depressurization after containment failure is too slow for causing a blast wave. 

There are various failure causes leading to a loss of containment, e.g. corrosion, overfilling and external impact. In the method nine separate primary causes are distinguished, each having a number of base causes . Table 2 lists the primary causes and examples of the base causes. 

Instantaneous depressurization. This phenomenon is usually related to the type of failure of the vessel. The sudden pressure drop in the container upon failure causes the liquid superheat. If the liquid superheat is significant, the flashing may be explosive. 

---