Construction, steel frame types

Most details for this type of construction are not uniquely influenced by blast resistant design. For steel frame buildings, appropriate AISC steel details used for plastic design methods should be used. The attachment of the siding and roofing requires special attention and the details shown in Figure 8.1 are applicable. 

This type of construction may be totally reinforced concrete, or may be a combination of concrete or steel frames with cast-in-place or precast walls. Shear wall details should be developed using the seismic provisions of ACI 318, Chapter 21. Figures 8.10 and 8.11 are typical cast-in-placc details. 

This type of construction uses precast concrete walls with steel or concrete frames (Figure 4.2). The frame resists all vertical loads and precast shear walls resist lateral loads. Ductile connections for precast panels are an important consideration. Precast panels are made with embedded steel connection devices attached to the building frame by bolting or welding. The roof is usually a concrete slab on metal deck. The metal deck is attached to steel framing by studs or puddle welds. Tins type of construction can be economically designed to withstand blast loading on the order of 7 to 10 psi (48 to 69 kPa) side-on overpressure. 

The intensity of seismic motion that can be tolerated by various kinds of structures must be established before acceptable charge weights at various distances can be determined. Obviously, the level of motion required to damage a structure depends upon its construction. For example, a steel-framed warehouse can tolerate a more. intense seismic wave than a residential structure with plaster walls. Because plaster is the weakest of the most commonly used materials of construction, and because of the prevalence of such structures, most damage criteria are based oh this type of structure... 

An open steel basket-frame type construction can be used to overcome some of the problems noted with the use of lead lined wood vessels. Sheet lead straps are wrapped around the horizontal and vertical structural steel supports. The lead sheets are formed and weld attached to the noted straps. This type of construction is advantageous because it may be thoroughly inspected while in service. Faults are apparent and repairs easily made. 

Cost comparisons have also been made between galvanized steel and other construction materials. A survey by Steven Winter Associates (1980) showed that it was up to 19% cheaper to use galvanized steel framing instead of wood for house units (depending on location) in a year in which wood was cheap—its cost fluctuates far more than that of galvanized steel. British Steel Corporation in 1973 showed the advantage of galvanized steel compared with aluminum for ISO-type containers. 

Care must be taken regarding the method of supporting ceiling panels. Large portal framed steel holdings may provide a cheap outer shell but do have a considerable amount of roof movement. Panels hung from this type of structure can be subjected to movement which cannot be tolerated in cold store construction. A tied portal, however, can be acceptable [38]. The outer shell may also be required to bear the weight of the evaporators and, in the case of stores for carcase meats, the rails and the product itself. 

This type of construction uses a steel or concrete frame and precast concrete wall panels. Many details have been developed for precast concrete walls. Details for precast walls should be in accordance with the seismic requirements of ACI 318, Chapter 21. 

Many types of steel contain elements in addition to iron and carbon. Such steels are often called alloy steels and can be viewed as being mixed interstitial (carbon) and substitutional (other metals) alloys. Bicycle frames, for example, are constructed from a wide variety of alloy steels. The compositions of the two brands of steel tubing used in high-quality racing bicycles are given in Table 16.3. 

Extruder housing Version extruder machine body and gearbox separate, or as unit Design open ribbed-type construction, enclosed double-walled box section, self-contained design, fitted on base frame Material welded construction, cast iron, spheroidal graphite cast iron, cast steel... 

To simplify the description of the mechanical press, the part revolution clutch will be described as an air clutch. All mechanical presses have a frame. This can be made from cast-iron, cast-steel, or steel fabrications. The style, construction, and type of press required varies with the particular product it is used to produce. 

Cost. The roof constructions of types (a), (b), and (c) are expensive. Walls not covered with tubes [see (a), (b), (c), and (e)] tend to overheat and must be of heavier construction. Suspended panel walls are usually cheaper than brick walls, but suspended tile walls are very expensive. The large framework of still (i) is expensive, and the numerous burners of type (k) add to its cost. The A-frame still (s) conserves on structural steel. 

The motor (see Fig. E-13), including frame with integrally cast feet, end brackets, bearing inner caps, fan cover, conduit box, and cover construction, is cast iron ASTM Type A-48, Class 25, or better. Steel, altuninum, or plastic construction is not acceptable for these features for NEMA sizes. 

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