Constitution of oils and fats

Constitution op Oils and Fats, and their Saponification. Researches of Chevreul and Berthelot—Mixed Glycerides—Modem Theories of Saponification—Hydrolysis accelerated by (1) Heat or Electricity, (2) Ferments, Castor-seed Ferment, Steapsin, Emul-sin, and (3) Chemical Reagents, Sulphuric Acid, Twitchell s Reagent, Hydrochloric Acid, Lime, Magnesia, Zinc Oxide, Soda and Potash. 

Naturally occurring oils and fats constitute another important source of renewable raw materials [198]. Whether they are referred to as fats or oils depends on whether they are solid or liquid at room temperature, respectively. They are composed primarily of triglycerides (triesters of glycerol) together with small amounts of free fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols, terpenes, waxes and vitamins. Oils and fats are either of vegetable or animal origin and are produced in the approximate proportions 55% vegetable oils, 40% land-animal fats and 5% marine oils [199]. 

Edible oils and fats are composed primarily of triacylglycerols (TAG), ester of one molecule of glycerol, and three molecules of fatty acids. Analysis of canola oils showed that TAGs constituted 94.4% to 99.1 % of the total lipid (2). The typical composition of canola, rapeseed, and soybean oils is presented in Table 1. 

Constitution of Fats and Oils.—These acids which have all been previously discussed (pp. 136 and 170) embrace the more common ones that are found as esters in most oils and fats. The tri-acid ester of glycerol and palmitic acid may be taken as an example of a typical fat. It is exactly analogous to the ester of glycerol and acetic acid which we have just considered, and its formula is ... 

Sometimes the dairy chemist will have to step outside the literature of his industry. One seeking reasonably up-to-date information on butterfat, for example, would probably turn to Hilditch s The Chemical Constitution of Natural Fats (13) or to Bailey s Industrial Oil and Fat Products (3). The same reasoning applies to specialized information on milk proteins. 

Licanic acid CH3(CH2)3(CH==CH)3(CH2)4 COCH2COOH. Constitutes 75-80% of the fatty acid of oiticica oil mp, 75°C. Shahidi F, Bailey AE (eds) (2005) Bailey s industrial oil and fat products. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Paint pigment, drying oils, polymers, resins, naval stores, cellulosics esters, and ink vehicles, vol 3. American Society for Testing and Material, Conshohocken, PA, 2001. 

The fatty acids occur in nature chiefly as glycerides see fats), which constitute the most important part of the fats and oils, and as esters of other alcohols, the waxes. The naturally occurring fatty acids are mostly the normal straight-chain acids with an even number of carbon atoms. 

The changes, however, are both numerous and significant. First of all, there is a change in the organization of the subject matter. For example, material formerly contained in the section entitled Analytical Chemistry is now grouped by operational categories spectroscopy electrolytes, electromotive force, and chemical equilibrium and practical laboratory information. Polymers, rubbers, fats, oils, and waxes constitute a large independent section. 

Fats and oils, constituted by acylglycerolipids, represent a major subgroup of lipids. They are the most common class of medium-size molecules produced by living organisms. They are the main constituents of the storage fat cells in plants and animals. They have quite a similar chemical composition, as they are mainly composed of triglycerides, triesters of glycerol with fatty acids (FAs). 

Some fats, oils and waxes have been used as ingredients in explosive compositions, such as plastic explosives. They can also be nitrated to give nitro- or nitrate compounds Refs 1) T.P. Hiditch, "The Chemical Constitution of Natural Fats , Chapman Hall,... 

Bosin forms an important ingredient In the compo-eition of yellow soap, and is a partial substitute for fixed oil or fat it is not analogous to the latter in chemical. constitution, nor can It, like those bodies, form with an alkali a proper soap by itself. Colophony contains no glycerin, nor any equivalent for that substance,... 

The unsaponifiable fraction of whole milk constitutes 0.3-0.45% by weight of the total fat and is composed largely of cholesterol (91). In vegetable oil types of margarine, the larger part... 

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