Considerations for Procurement

Dew point temperature for compressed air as specified by the instmment manufacturer. 

The refrigerated type is for higher volumes of dry air required. It cools the incoming air and removes the moisture by condensation. 

Cooling medium employed (chilled water or chilled brine) temperature and flow rate of the cooling medium required and details of moisture removal arrangement. 

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Considerations for procurement of simple distillation equipment (These should be discussed with the vendor for these equipment.)... 

Standards that cover considerations for procurement of turbines. 

The effective execution of the VMP is based on how precisely the man-hour requirements are calculated for each task. Use input from experienced validation and engineering personnel. Consideration should be given to the time frame for protocol preparation, review, correction, and approval. Consider the analysis involved, the test equipment, and the time frame for procurement. 

Explore possibilities for procuring the supplies from local vendors instead of vendors who may be at considerable distance and therefore need more time for supply. 

The enterprise should initiate development of applicable downstream life cycle processes for development, production, test, distribution, support, training, and disposal to provide life cycle support to products and their subsystems, and for assemblies and their components. If system elements are being procured from suppliers or subcontractors, then consideration for life cycle support of the system elements should be addressed. Each life cycle process goes through the same development events and activities as described for products in 5.1 through 5.5, including technical reviews. 

Davenport et al [32] have studied the use of reverse multi-unit auctions with volume discounts in a procurement setting. Winner determination formulations are provided in Section 3.2.2, where we also discuss the introduction of business rules as side constraints, which is an important consideration in practical electronic markets. A combinatorial auction is used for single units (lot) of multiple items, with all-or-nothing bids are allowed and nonlinear prices are used to feedback information. Volume discount auctions are also used, when multiple units of multiple items are being procured and for the restricted case of bids that are separable across items. Another consideration in procurement auctions is that the outcome should be such that the final prices should be profitable for both the buyer and the suppliers, i.e. a win-win outcome. The competitive equilibrium property can be used to operationalize this notion of achieving a win-win outcome [32]. 

RFPs specify maximum decibel levels in equipment, along with other mechanical and technical requirements. The report did note that noise is not a primary consideration for most of the military s procurement/ purchasing decisions. Additional examples of best practices in a Buy Quiet program have been also published by NASA (link http //adl.grc.nasa.gov/buy-quiet-purchasing). 

Export orientation of countries can be indicated by export shares. In the telecommunication equipment sector, the relation of exports of equipment and investments of domestic network operators should approximate the export share since most of the equipment in the industrialised countries under consideration are procured from domestic manufacturers (Doz 1986, p. 89). In Table 4-2 this indicator for national export share of telecommunications equipment is conq)iled for 1981 and 1993. Among the countries studied, Sweden always had the highest export compared to domestic investments, while Finland rose only in the mid-1980s above the respective figure of other industrialised countries. Both countries improved their export performances over time as a result of the world-wide mobile telephony boom. The US has the lowest export orientation with Germany and the UK lying between these two extremes. 

For acyclic supply chains, in this section, we propose MINLP models for the FDI-Outsourcing decision problem. First, we propose a model termed as the weighted base model. We propose an extension of this model by incorporating tax. This model is referred as the tax integrated model. In the proposed models we associate a decision variable, x (without the subscripts taken into consideration), for the production/procurement and inventory activities. This implies that the models have a decision variable x, associated with the stage i, which could be interpreted as the production (procurement or inventory activity) of a subcomponent i. The decision variable associated to the transport activity between two production stages i and j, is expressed as a function of the decision variables associated to i and j, that is X, and Xj, and a decision variable y associated to the transport modes. 

Sampling. A sample used for trace or ultratrace analysis should always be representative of the bulk material. The principal considerations are determination of population or the whole from which the sample is to be drawn, procurement of a vaUd gross sample, and reduction of the gross sample to a suitable sample for analysis (15) (see Sampling). 

Up to this point, it is assumed that prices are deterministic, which is true for contract demand and procurement but is not necessarily true for spot demand and procurement prices. Therefore, an important value chain planning requirement is the consideration of uncertain prices and price scenarios. Now, uncertain spot demand prices are under consideration and it is illustrated how price uncertainty can be integrated into the model in order to reach robust planning solutions. 

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