Consequence analysis nature

The objective of consequence analysis is to evaluate the safety (or quality) consequences to the system of any human errors that may occur. Consequence Analysis obviously impacts on the overall risk assessment within which the human reliability analysis is embedded. In order to address this issue, it is necessary to consider the nature of the consequences of human error in more detail. 

By contrast, the nature of certain accident scenarios could prove to be quite sensitive to some design parameters. It should not be ruled out during the risk assessment phase, especially during detailed design, that discoveries during consequence analysis could lead to the revision of the design basis of the facility or some equipment or components. 

Cost-minimization analysis compares costs for identical outcomes. Cost-consequence analysis establishes consequences and costs of a therapy but leaves the synthesis to the decision maker. Cost-effectiveness analysis uses natural medical units, such as life years gained, and costs them. Cost-utility analysis converts all effects into some common utility measure. Cost-benefit analysis converts everything, including medical outcomes, to a monetary equivalent. 

Specific models are used to evaluate the release and dispersion of flammable substances when an undesired event occurs the determination of the dispersion features is essential to model the consequences such as fires and explosions. The consequence analysis is used to define the extent and nature of effects caused by such events and thus is of great help when quantifying the damage caused. 

The consequence analysis followed a similar structure as that used in the Norwegian national risk picture methodology, where consequences are assessed for five so-called societal values (NDCP 2010) 1) life and health 2) nature and environment 3) economy 4) social stabiUty and 5) abiUty to govem/territorial control. 

Consequently, when D /Dj exceeds the critical value, close to the bifurcation one expects to see the appearance of chemical patterns with characteristic lengtli i= In / k. Beyond the bifurcation point a band of wave numbers is unstable and the nature of the pattern selected (spots, stripes, etc.) depends on the nonlinearity and requires a more detailed analysis. Chemical Turing patterns were observed in the chlorite-iodide-malonic acid (CIMA) system in a gel reactor [M, 59 and 60]. Figure C3.6.12(a) shows an experimental CIMA Turing spot pattern [59]. 

Equations la and lb are for a simple two-phase system such as the air-bulk solid interface. Real materials aren t so simple. They have natural oxides and surface roughness, and consist of deposited or grown multilayered structures in many cases. In these cases each layer and interface can be represented by a 2 x 2 matrix (for isotropic materials), and the overall reflection properties can be calculated by matrix multiplication. The resulting algebraic equations are too complex to invert, and a major consequence is that regression analysis must be used to determine the system s physical parameters. ... 

The electrical conductivity detector is probably the second most commonly used in LC. By its nature, it can only detect those substances that ionize and, consequently, is used frequently in the analysis of inorganic acids, bases and salts. It has also found particular use in the detection of those ionic materials that are frequently required in environmental studies and in biotechnology applications. The detection system is the simplest of all the detectors and consists only of two electrodes situated in a suitable detector cell. An example of an electrical conductivity detector sensing cell is shown in figure 13. 

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