Conductive polymers microelectronics

It was also observed that, with the exception of polyacetylene, all important conducting polymers can be electrochemically produced by anodic oxidation moreover, in contrast to chemical methoconducting films are formed directly on the electrode. This stimulated research teams in the field of electrochemistry to study the electrosynthesis of these materials. Most recently, new fields of application, ranging from anti-corrosives through modified electrodes to microelectronic devices, have aroused electrochemists interest in this class of compounds... 

The differently produced conductive polymer structures described above all have enhanced conductivity, which can be employed in microelectronics [44] and as sensors using immobilized enzymes [46, 47[. Martin and coworkers used polarized infrared absorption spectroscopy to access the alignment of the polymer fibers on the outer surface of the nanotubes [48[. The study showed that the enhancement of the conductivity is due to the alignment of the polymer fibers on the outer surface of the tubes. 

Since their discovery in 1970s ICPs have impacted different fields of industry. One of these emerging fields is microelectronics which is of great importance in manufacturing different kinds of electrical devices. The discovery of conducting polymers has been regarded as so important that it was recognized with the 2000 Nobel prize in chemistry. 

Properties of representative conducting polymers. Doped conjugated polymers have generated substantial interest in view of possible applications such as lightweight batteries, antistatic equipment, and microelectronics to speculative concepts such as molecular electronic devices.37-38 These polymers include doped polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, and other polyheterocycles (Figure 5). While the conduction mechanism of metals and inorganic semiconductors is well understood and utilized in microelectronics, this is not true to the same... 

D. M. de Leeuw, M. M. J. Simenon, A. R. Brown, and R. E. F. Einerhand. Stability of n-type doped conducting polymers and consequences for polymeric microelectronic devices. Synthetic Metals, 87(l) 53-59, 1997. 

The diffraction equipment used for the study of conducting polymers in no way differs fi-om that used for the study of conventional polymers. This short section does not cover the experimental methods in any technical detail, however, but merely presents some considerations about their applicability. Details can be found in the standard books on this topic [3-5]. Admittedly, these books are somewhat dated they do not, for instance, reflect the impact of computers on both automation of equipment and data evaluation. Another result of the ever-accelerating progress in microelectronics (still based on metals and inorganic semiconductors instead of polymers), is to be found in the field of x-ray detector systems linear photodiode array detectors, Charge-Coupled-Device area detectors and Image Plate detectors have all become available recently. 

As an environmentally stable conducting polymer, polyaniline has been recognized as a potential candidate for application in secondary battery electrodes, sensors, electrochromic display devices, microelectronics, ion-exchange resins etc. [151-161]. 

Electrically conductive polymers are perspective materials in modern technologies because of their potential applications as chemical sensors, catalysts, microelectronic devices, etc. [1]. The interest to new hybrid nanostructured materials based on polymer matrix with poly-7t-conjugated bonds and noble metals nanoparticles constantly increases. This is reasoned by a wide spectrum of new optical and electrophysical properties [2]. 

In microelectronics, metalli2ation generally refers to the deposition of a patterned film of conducting material on a substrate to form intercormections between electronic components. Conducting polymers have been demonstrated to provide a new route to metallization, in particular in PCB technology [52]. The conducting polymers that have been of interest in this area include polyanfline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene. 

The properties of polymers that make them an essential part of microelectronics engineering will be discussed under two main headings polymer resists and conducting polymers. These will best illustrate why progress in this area could not have been made without exploiting the unique features of polymeric materials. This will be followed by a brief discussion of some photonic applications. 

MacDiarmid, Heeger, and Shirakawa. As a natural consequence of the availability of new soft and flexible semiconducting materials, reconstructing electronic and microelectronics producing new flexible and polymeric devices on flexible supports has attracted the interest of a crowd of scientists and engineers. We can estimate that about 80% of the scientists working with conducting polymers are involved in this area. 

The electrochemical synthesis of the films of conducting polymers, and the electrochemical actuation, are suitable for the construction of elegant and imaginative microdevices and microtools bilayers by using microelectronic technologies [110-121]. 

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