Doping of conjugated polymers

The PES measurements arc performed with reference to the Fermi level of the photoclectron spectrometer, in solid specimens, as dealt with here, by the way the spectroscopy works. Thus, in cases when the Fermi level shifts due to some chemical modifications of the sample, i.e., in the intercalation of graphite or other layered compound [16] or in the doping of conjugated polymers 1171, il is necessary to account for the change in the Fermi energy level before interpreting spec-... 

Doping of conjugated polymers primarily implies removal or adding of electrons to the polymer chains. This oxidizing or reducing process may be achieved either chemically or electrochemically, but in either case electroneutrality within the material requires insertion of counter-ion. of the opposite charge into the material. 

Oxidative (p-type) doping of conjugated polymers such as polyacetylene, poly(p-phenylene), polypyrrole, poly-... 

Oxidative doping of conjugated polymers usually gives rise to new infrared active modes whose appearance is associated with the formation of solitonic or polaronic (bipolaronic) structures in the polymer chain [62,67-70]. The postulate that doping induced IR-active modes are inherently associated with the oxidized chain of the polymer is based on two experimental observations ... 

The general reaction describing chemical doping of conjugated polymers with FeCls can be expressed as follows ... 

J. L. Bredas, R. R. Chance, R. Silbey, Comparative theoretical study of the doping of conjugated polymers - polarons in polyacetylene and polypara-phenylene, Physical Review B 1982, 26, 5843. 

Empirical formulae and the maximum doping level achieved in the doping of conjugated polymers with heteropolyanions. 

Since an enormous enhancement of the electronic conductivity of PA by doping from an almost insulator to a metal over a range of 11 orders of magnitude has been reported (Sect. 4.1) the doping of conjugated polymers has been attract-... 

Aldissi, M., "Doping of Conjugated Polymers Conducting Polymers", Chapter IV (p.40) in Inherently Conducting Polymers Processing, Fabrication, Applications, Limitations, Noyes Data Corporation, New Jersey, USA (1989). 

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