Conductive liquids

In liquid nitric acid, hydrogen bonding gives a loose structure similar to that of hydrogencarbonate ions. However, although pure nitric acid does not attack metals readily and does not evolve carbon dioxide from a carbonate, it is a conducting liquid, and undergoes auto-ionisation thus ... 

In some cases a conductive liquid contains a small quantity of lighter, immiscible nonconductive liquid contaminant. An example is an inorganic acid containing a small quantity of oil which forms a nonconductive skim layer ... 

If a conducting liquid such as acetone or methanol flows into an ungrounded metal container, the container acquires a charge from the liquid. and a spark may occur between the container and any grounded metal that is nearby, as in the following incidents. 

Because of its excellent heat conductivity, liquid sodium has been proposed as a cooling liquid for use in nuclear power plants. 

This techrrique together with the Coulter counting techrrique depends upon a simple but ingerriorrs device. A potential difference is maintained in a circuit which includes a tube with a small orifice submerged in a conducting liquid (Fig. 1.13). 

It can be seen here that in contrast to conduction, liquid flow depends not only on the porosity and tortnosity but also on pore size. When other parameters remain unchanged, a decrease in pore radius by a factor of 10 causes a decrease in liquid flow rate by a factor of 100. 

The temperature response of the measurement element shown in Fig. 2.13 is strictly determined by four time constants, describing a) the response of the bulk liquid, b) the response of the thermometer pocket, c) the response of the heat conducting liquid between the wall of the bulb and the wall of the pocket and d) the response of the wall material of the actual thermometer bulb. The time constants c) and d) are usually very small and can be neglected. A realistic model should, however, take into account the thermal capacity of the pocket, which can sometimes be significant. 

The porous medium under investigation must be filled with an electrically conducting liquid, that is, an electrolyte solution. The electric conductivity is given by the empirical Kohlrausch law [53]... 

Principles and Characteristics In electrophoresis the separation of electrically charged particles or molecules in a conductive liquid medium, usually aqueous, is achieved under the influence of a high electric field. This differs from chromatographic separations... 

In the later stages, bubble growth is controlled more and more by heat transfer to the bubble wall, although for a high-conductivity liquid such as sodium, inertia effects are dominant throughout most of the growth period. 

Coupling Medium. Distilled water has proven to be more effective than tap water as the conducting liquid as evidenced by greater cavitation in the reaction flasks (and faster reaction rates). Moreover, distilled water leads to significantly less corrosion of the bath walls. Other low vapor pressure liquids such as ethylene glycol can be used. 

For highly conductive liquids and solids the loss term not only results from a single relaxation term, as given by Eq. (8), but also from term resulting from ionic conductivity, cr, as described by Eq. (14) ... 

LOR [Liquid-phase oxidation reactor] Not a process but a piece of equipment in which to conduct liquid-phase oxidations (e.g. the Mid-Century process) safely with oxygen rather than with air. The oxygen is introduced into the liquid phase and rapidly dispersed in the form of bubbles 1 to 5 mm. in diameter. Developed by Praxair and ABB Lummus Global in 1996. 

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