Specific conductivity of, liquid

Other conductors for which no quantitative data are available include K20, BeO, SrO, BaO, ZnO, Sn02, Mn02, Ce02, and Mo03 (57). At the fusion temperature of 196°C, the specific conductivity of liquid Cr03 is less than 10 6 ohm-1 cm-1 and the melt is viscous (57) it is difficult to classify this as either a network or a conducting melt. 

As expected of a network liquid, the electrical conductivity of liquid B203 increases with increasing concentration of metal oxides. The specific conductivity of liquid alkali borates containing only 1 mole-% metal oxide is approximately ten times greater than that of pure B203 (47). Some typical conductance values of liquid borates are shown in Table VI. At... 

Suppose that the specific conductivities of an oil and a liquid phase are 2 x 10 and 2 x 10 0 cm , respectively. Calculate and plot versus the specific conductivities of O/W and W/0 emulsions formed from these phases. 

Specific heat of liquid = 2.78 kJkg loC thermal conductivity of liquid = 0.12 Wnrl0C 1. 

The room temperature specific conductivity of a number of ionic liquids is reported in Table 2, together with their viscosity. It can be seen from the table, that the conductivity varies in the range of 0.1-13 mS/cm. The most conductive IL in the series shown in the table is EMImBF4. 

Hence the heat transport, in this case, depends on the dimension and shape of the liquid container. As we can see in Fig. 2.13, the thermal conductivity (and the specific heat) of liquid 4He decreases when pressure increases and scales with the tube diameter. At temperatures below 0.4 K, the data of thermal conductivity (eq. 2.7) follow the temperature dependence of the Debye specific heat. At higher temperatures, the thermal conductivity increases more steeply because of the viscous flow of the phonons and because of the contribution of the rotons. 

Besides PbO which shows a large change in conductivity in the vicinity of the melting point (Fig. 1), liquid Li20 is probably an ionic melt. The specific conductivity of the solid near the melting temperature of 1570°C is about 105 ohm-1 cm-1 but that of the melt is 7 ohm-1 cm-1 (57). The latter value is comparable to that of molten LiCl, but the increase on fusion is even greater than the halides. By analogy, other molten alkali oxides are probably also ionic conductors. 

Selenium oxychloride is a nearly colourless liquid having a boiling-point of 176-4° C. at 726 mm. Its melting-point is 10 8° C.7 At 20° C. it has a refractive index of 1-6516. The specific conductivity of the dry liquid at 25° C. is 8 2-0 ( 0-3) x 10 5 mho. The oxychloride is, however, extremely hygroscopic, and the presence of traces of water causes a considerable increase in the electrical conductivity. The presence of the merest trace of water can be shown 9 by sealing up a sample of the oxychloride with cobalt carbonate which has been dried at 200° C. for three hours a blue colour gradually develops if moisture is present. 

Temp., °F Absolute pressure, Ib/sq in. Latent heat of evaporation, Btu/lb Specific volume of steam, cu ft/lb Density of liquid water, Ib/cu ft Viscosity of liquid water, tentipoisea Thermal conductivity of liquid water, (Btu)(ft)/ (°F)(ft2)(hr)... 

The IR and Raman spectra of BrF3-SbF5, BrF3-AsF3, and (BrF3)2GeF4 have been reported.822,823 The electrical conductivity of liquid bromine trifluoride824 (specific conductance = 8 10-3 ohm-1 cm-1) maybe attributed to self-ionization [Eq. (4.205)]. 

I2CI+ Ion. There is no certain evidence for the I2C1+ cation 335, but presumably the electrical conductivity of liquid IC1 (specific conductance = 4.60 10-3 ohm-1 cm-1 at 35°C) which has previously been ascribed to the self-ionization829 according to Eq. (4.207) is in fact due to a self-ionization that produces I2C1+ ion 335 [Eq. (4.208)]. 

Bikerman [46] describes studies of the specific conductivity of individual foam lamellae. For bulk foams, the specific conductivity of the foam, kf, is proportional to the volume fraction of liquid in the foam and its conductivity, kl ... 

Electrical Conductivity. Hayashi et al. (14) have made electrical conductivity measurements in irradiated styrene, a-methylstyrene, and isobutyl vinyl ether. The observed specific conductivities in these monomers were of the same order of magnitude, at a given dose rate, as that measured in cyclohexane. Since the G values for ion production in most hydrocarbon liquids are approximately the same, they concluded that the conducting species in the monomer systems must have had approximately the same molecular size as cyclohexane. Also, since the observed specific conductances of the three monomers and that of cyclohexane showed a square-root dependence on the dose rate, they concluded that the behavior of kinetically independent oppositely charged carriers was being observed, with very little effect of the applied field on the recombination process. 

Figure 2.8 Specific conductivities of protic vs. aprotic ionic liquids, showing matching of concentrated lithium chloride solution conductivity by solvent-free aprotic liquids. Note that at low temperature, the conductivity of protic nitrate in excess nitric acid is higher than that of the aqueous Lid case with the same excess solvent. (From Xu and Angell [17] by permission)...

So the question of the specific conductivity of nonaqueous solutions vis-a-vis aqueous solutions hinges on whether the dielectric constant of nonaqueous solvents is lower or higher than that of water. Table 4.23 shows that many nonaqueous solvents have fi s considerably lower than that of water. There are some notable exceptions, namely, the hydrogen-bonded liquids. 

If Kc is the specific conductance of the liquid which is streamed through... 

Provided the specific conductance of the liquid is known, the results of streaming potential measurements can be used to evaluate the zeta-potential by means of equation (21). In general the values are in satisfactory agreement with those derived from electro-osmotic and other studies, but if a diaphragm of large surface area is employed the results are liable to be in error the reason for this is that as a consequence of the action of electro-osmotic forces the electrical conductance of a solution in the pores of a diaphragm may differ appreciably from that of the same solution in bulk, especially if it is relatively dilute. ... 

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