Conduction, infrared drying

Identification of the specific species of the adsorbed oxyanion as well as mode of bonding to the oxide surface is often possible using a combination of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, electrophoretic mobility (EM) and sorption-proton balance data. This information is required for selection of realistic surface species when using surface complexation models and prediction of oxyanion transport. Earlier, limited IR research on surface speciation was conducted under dry conditions, thus results may not correspond to those for natural systems where surface species may be hydrated. In this study we review adsorbed phosphate, carbonate, borate, selenate, selenite, and molybdate species on aluminum and iron oxides using FTIR spectroscopy in both Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) and Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform (DRIFT) modes. We present new FTIR, EM, and titration information on adsorbed arsenate and arsenite. Using these techniques we... 

The two principal methods of dry-heat sterilization are infrared and convection hot air. Infrared rays will sterilize only surfaces. Sterilization of interior portions must rely on conduction. Convection hot-air sterilizers are normally heated electrically and are of two types gravity or mechanical. In gravity convection units, a fan is used to promote uniformity of heat distribution throughout the chamber. 

LB films prepared from iron (III) stearate, transferred Absorption and infrared spectra, to glass substrates, dried, exposed to hydrochloric acid X-ray diffraction, and conductivity in a desiccator, and subsequently exposed to pyrrole measurements vapor at 0.3-0.4 Torr... 

The heal required for sublimation (1200 Btu per pound of ice 664 kilogram-calories per kilogram of ice) can be supplied by conduction, radiation, electric resistance, microwave, or infrared heating. Three methods of heal input that have been investigated extensively are shown in Fig. 2. Depending on the method of heal transfer, the temperature gradient between Ihe sublimation interface and the heat source is limited by Ihe maximum temperature which can be tolerated on Ihe surface of the dry... 

There is not too much argument about analysis methods of the collected particulate material. While a few workers continue to use wet oxidation methods, it is acknowledged that these methods are neither as sensitive nor as accurate as the various dry combustion methods. Most of the more recent work has been done with one or another of the commercially available carbon analyzers (2). However, a few laboratories still use units assembled before the advent of suitable commercial xmits (3). All of these units, commercial or home-built, oxidize the organic carbon to carbon dioxide at high temperatures and measure this carbon dioxide usually by nondispersive infrared gas analysis (4) or by thermal conductivity. The results of the various methods seem completely comparable (5). 

One way of expressing the insulating performance of a textile is to quote "effective thermal conductivity". Here the term "effective" refers to the fact that conductivity is calculated from the rate of heat flow per unit area of the fabric divided by the temperature gradient between opposite faces. It is not true condition, because heat transfer takes place by a combination of conduction through fibers and air and infrared radiation. If moisture is present, other mechanisms may be also involved. Research on the thermal resistance of apparel textiles [42-47], has established that the thermal resistance of a dry fabric or... 

Air drying was used only for the sample treated with primer alone and was omitted for the three samples containing primer and acrylonitrile since acrylonitrile has a higher vapor pressure then methanol.(14) As a result, the electron treatment was performed on wet samples. The fifth LDPE sample was used as a virgin polyethylene control. After Irradiation, all samples were washed with luke warm water to remove any residual monomer. Because of the highly toxic nature of acrylonitrile, these coating procedures were conducted under carefully controlled conditions. All five samples (l.e. primed, 1 1, 2 1, 3 1 and control) were examined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). 

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