Conditioned emotional responses

White NM, Viaud MD (1991) Localized intracaudate DA D2 receptor activation during the post-training period improves memory for visual or olfactory conditioned emotional responses in the rat. Behav Neural Biol 55 255-269. 

Ammo acid neurotransmitter utilization in discrete rat brain regions is correlated with conditioned emotional response Pharmacol Biochem Behav 16, 329-340... 

Lane J D, Sands M P, Freeman M E, Cherek D R, and Smith ] E. (1982) Ammo acid neurotransmitter utilization m discrete rat brain regions is correlated with conditioned emotional response Pharmacol Biochem Behav 16, 329-340... 

Despite the deeply held convictions of drug proponents, there are no specific psychoactive drug treatments for specific mental disorders. There is, of course, a certain amount of biological and psychological variation in the way people respond to drugs, shock treatment, or even lobotomy or an accidental head injury. However, as a general principle, biopsychiatric interventions have a nonspecific impact that does not depend on the person s mental state or condition. For example, it will be shown that neuroleptics and lithium affect animals and normal volunteers in much the same way as they affect patients, in part by subduing their overall emotional responsiveness. 

Ouagazzal AM, Moreau JL, Pauly-Evers M, Jenck F. Impact of environmental housing conditions on the emotional responses of mice deficient for nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide precursor gene. Behav. Brain Res. 2003 144 111-117. 

Illnesses and conditions that do not directly affect the CNS, but can lead to secondary (reactive) emotional responses. These conditions are generally recognized and reported by the patient. Examples are a person who develops a serious reactive depression after sustaining a spinal cord injury and paralysis and an individual who is diagnosed with glaucoma and may be facing blindness. 

Pavhvian conditioning explains behavior as reflexive in nature. The traditional example is of dogs salivating when a stimulus, a bell, is paired with the presentation of food. After repeated pairings, Ivan Pavlov found the conditioned or learned stimulus produces the same response as the unconditioned or natural stimulus. An example of this type of motivation is the fear and anxiety people feel when they enter a location where they have been injured. The location becomes a conditioned stimulus or cue producing the natural emotional response. 

The next layer in material selection based on feel involves the concept of response. Like all animals, humans respond to sensory input. The response may be an involuntary action (like your knee kicking out), a body sensation (feeling dizzy), a physical action (salivating when you smell food), an emotional response (feeling happy when you hug your child), or a combination of these items. It may also involve an intellectual assessment, where one evaluates the sensory input and makes a conscious decision on what actions to take next (such as whether or not they should yell Turn that music down ). These responses may also be affected by conditioning (either intentional or unintentional). The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov... 

To understand whether cognitive function and mood disorders are cooperatively influenced by genetic factors in AD and to know the potential impact that conventional neuroprotection can exert on mood disorders, we studied the effect of the therapeutic CNLA protocol on anxiety in AD and the differential APOE- and ACE-related responses distinguishing the influence of monogenic and bigenic variants on emotional conditions. 

In most humans in most contemporary societies, the quick and dirty path is relatively unimportant. Success and survival do not turn heavily on split-second decisions. Instead, decisions and the concomitant emotions depend crucially on prior cognitive processing of the situation. In animals other than humans, it is often difficult to decide whether what looks like an emotional reaction is triggered by a mental representation of the situation or whether it is merely a learned response. The apparent guilt of the dog that has shredded the newspaper in its owner s absence may simply be a conditioned fear of punishment, since the same response is produced when the owner himself shreds the newspaper and leaves it on the floor (Vollmer 1977). 

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