Concrete, definition reinforced

M. I. Eusebio Marques, Effectiveness of surface coatings to protect reinforced concrete in marine environments . Materials and Structures, 2000, 33, 618-626. prEN 1504-2, Products and systems for the protection and repair of Concrete Structures. Definitions -Requirements - Quality Control and Evaluation of Conformity. Part 2 Sutface Protection Systems , CEN TC 104/WG 8. 

EN1504-6 - Products and Systems for the Protection and Repair of Concrete Structures - Definitions, Requirements, Quality Control and Evaluation of Conformity Part 6 Anchoring of Reinforcing Steel Bar. 

Several equations for the concrete contribution can be found in the relevant literature. However, this equation describes the design shear resistance of a RC member without shear reinforcement. It is important to note that this definition for the concrete contribution is different from the definition of State r given above in this section. To determine Erc, the load at the first shear crack should be calculated. Additionally, all the usual design verifications for RC (failure of the concrete struts, shift of moment line, etc.) have to be considered. For ductility reasons, the member should have a minimum internal shear reinforcement ratio, otherwise strengthening is not recommended. 

Even this definition needs to be classified [7, 8]. To some researchers it is still too broad because it includes many materials that are not usually thought of as composites such as concrete, copolymers and blends, reinforced plastics, and carbon-black-filled rubber. On the other hand, some of the more recent composites are excluded from the category of composites if this definition is strictly applied. For example, many particulate-type composites such as dispersion-hardened alloys and cermets have composite structures that are microscopic rather than macroscopic [2,8]. In some cases, the composite structures are nano-scopic, with the physical constraint of several nanometers as the minimum size of the components [9-16]. The terms... 

When we say that concrete is alkaline we mean that it contains microscopic pores with high concentrations of soluble calcium, sodium and potassium oxides. These oxides form hydroxides, which are very alkaline, when water is added. This creates a very alkaline condition (pH 12-13 -see the glossary for a definition of pH). The composition of the pore water and the movement of ions and gases through the pores is very important when analyzing the susceptibility of reinforced concrete structures to corrosion. This more fully discussed in Chapter 3. 

It is difficult to give definite cost information as this varies from job to job and country to country. Summaries of costs for cathodic protection are given in Society for Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete (1995) for the UK and in Bennett et sL (1993b) for the USA. These techniques are generally only specified if they offer a co,st saving to the owner of the structure over its lifetime (Unwin and Hall, 1993). 

Concrete Bridge Protection and Rehabilitation Chemical and Physical Techniques—Service Life Estimates. Pre.sents definitions of end of service life of reinforced concrete bridge components exposed to chloride laden environments categorizes corrosive environments and defines end of... 

The term composite, as used in this paper, refers to materials having overall properties that are some average of the properties of several distinct components, one of which is contiguous and forms a matrix having a noncoherent interface with the reinforcing elements. Filamentary-reinforced materials, such as fiberglass-epoxy, and aggregates, such as concrete, fall within this definition. Composite laminates are built up from distinct plies of reinforcement in contrast to filament-would composites, which do not exhibit a laminated structure. 

The bond between FRP reinforcement and concrete plays an important role in the definition of the required performance from stmctures during and after earthqnakes thns, comprehensive studies on how to control bond behavior between FRP reinforcement and adjoining concrete should be a focus of future research efforts. 

Concrete-like composites are the composite materials and ordinary concrete is the most representative example of the group. They are composed of a matrix and inclusions, and possibly also of a system of reinforcement. This group of materials is by definition larger than the scope of this book, which is defined as cement-based composites. 

A rather broad definition proposed by the ACI 549.2R-04 for ferrocement is A type of thin wall reinforced concrete constructed of hydraulic cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced layers of continuous and relatively small wire diameter mesh. The mesh may be made of metallic or other suitable materials. In this definition all kinds of non-metallic meshes are included, as well as fabrics and mats made with non-metallic fibres that are treated as textile reinforcement. 

Seismic Vuinerabiiity Assessment Reinforced Concrete Structures, Fig. 3 Definition of yield displacement and effective stiffness Irom test data for... 

Yield drift obtained through Eq. 3 is generally evaluated as the comer for an ideal envelope approximating a bilinear force deformation response of the element and not as the drift corresponding to the first yielding in the reinforcement steel (or equivalently in the concrete) at the first section of the element. Figure 3 shows the procedure by Elwood and Eberhard (2009) for the definition of yielding displacement on the envelope of measured lateral load-displacement relationship corrected for P-delta. Elwood and Eberhard s procedure covers both the cases in which yield force is attained in the envelope (Fig. 3a) and cases in which the calculated yield force is not attained (Fig. 3b) in fact, it provides an estimate of effective stiffness also in the case of columns that do not yield (see Fig. 3b). 

Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Reinforced Concrete Structures, Table 3 Damage state definition for interior and exterior beam-column joints according to Aslani (2005)... 

Seismic Vuinerabiiity Assessment Reinforced Concrete Structures, Tabie 4 Damage state definition for masonry infills according to Colangelo (2013)... 

R.F. Zollo, Synthetic fibre reinforced concrete some background and definitions . Presented at World of Concrete, 189, Atlanta, Georgia, Feb. 21,1989. 

C.D. Johnston, Definition and measurement of flexural toughness parameters for fiber reinforced concrete , Cem. Concr. Agg. 4,1982, 53 0. 

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