Concept originators

Crow, TJ (1985) The two syndrome concept origins and current status. Schizophr. Bull. 11 471-486. 

Crow, T.J. The two-syndrome concept Origins and current concepts. Schizophr Bull 11 471-486, 1985. 

The most important advance in ACD testing has been the development of the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). Although the general concept originated in the 1960s,... 

A combination of the concepts behind Equations (2.28) and (2.29) is applied in the activated sludge model for the kinetics of the hydrolysis processes (Henze et al., 1987). This combined concept, originally proposed by Dold et al. (1980), includes a saturation type of expression and a heterotrophic biomass with a maximum capacity for hydrolysis ... 

Signaling pheromones are animal-produced, interindividual chemicals that modulate behavior in conspecifics. Like visual and auditory signals, they have comparatively rapid effects exchange of signals takes seconds or minutes. (Priming pheromones [Ch. 8], hy comparison, trigger slower endocrine or developmental processes.) The pheromone concept, originally based on insects (Karlson and Luscher, 1959), has been debated for vertebrates, notably mammals (e.g. Beauchamp etal., 1976 Johnston, 2001). Often it is better to use the term body odors to avoid particular assumptions. Now the term pheromones is widely used for vertebrates, without any particularly narrow definition implied. 

The present chapter is devoted mainly to one of these new theories, in particular to its possible applications to photon physics and optics. This theory is based on the hypothesis of a nonzero divergence of the electric field in vacuo, in combination with the condition of Lorentz invariance. The nonzero electric field divergence, with an associated space-charge current density, introduces an extra degree of freedom that leads to new possible states of the electromagnetic field. This concept originated from some ideas by the author in the late 1960s, the first of which was published in a series of separate papers [10,12], and later in more complete forms and in reviews [13-20]. 

A metallocene is a compound consisting of two cyclopentadienyl anions. The concept originates from ferrocene, and a metallocene is considered as a generalized ferrocene type. Metallocenes belong to the type of sandwich compounds. 

Their explanations of these results adapted scaling law concepts originally developed for semi-dilute polymer solutions [61]. 

The same concept, originally developed by Ismagilov and coworkers [222], was applied to homogeneous catalyzed reactions by introducing an immiscible solvent to the flow generating segmented flow instead of a single flow. As demonstrated by Wirth and coworkers [225], the reaction yield was enhanced for... 

Plate Number. The most common measure of the efficiency of a chromatographic system is the plate number, n. Because the concept originated from the analogy with distillation, it was originally called the number of theoretical plates contained in the chromatographic column (system). This is not a useful analogy because a chromatographic column does not... 

Empirically measured parameters are additional solvent properties, which have been developed through the efforts of physical chemists and physical organic chemists in somewhat different, but to some extent related, directions. They have been based largely on the Lewis acid base concept, which was defined by G. N. Lewis. The concept originally involved the theory of chemical bonding which stated that a chemical bond must involve a shared electron pair. Thus, an atom in a molecule or ion which had an incomplete octet in the early theory, or a vacant orbital in quantum mechanical terms, would act as an electron pair acceptor (an acid) from an atom in a molecule or ion which had a complete octet or a lone pair of electrons (a base). Further developments have included the concepts of partial electron transfer and a continuum of bonding from the purely electrostatic bonds of ion-ion interactions to the purely covalent bonds of atoms and molecules. The development of the concept has been extensively described (see Ref. 11 for details). 

Another artifact whose appealing simplicity has resulted in its overuse is the concept of linearity. In fact, the term is used to express several closely related concepts. Originally, the term linear meant a straight line. Mathematically, the equation for a straight line is the same as for a strictly proportional relationship ... 

In 1911 Zsigmondy pointed out that the condensation of a vapour can occur in very narrow pores at pressures well below the normal vapour pressure of the bulk liquid. This explanation was given for the large uptake of water vapour by silica gel and was based on an extension of a concept originally put forward by Thomson (Lord Kelvin) in 1871. It is now generally accepted that capillary condensation does play an important role in the physisorption by porous solids, but that the original theory of Zsigmondy cannot be applied to pores of molecular dimensions. 

A linear algebraic system of rate equations for the fast species results, which can be solved a priori. Hence a strongly reduced (in the number of species to be treated) system is obtained. This concept originates from astrophysical applications and from Laser physics. It is in some instances also referred to as collisional-radiative approximation , for the fast species, lumped species concept , bundle-n method or intrinsic low dimensional manifold (ILDM) method in the literature. We refer to [9,12,13] for further references on this. 

With this foundation, we can now move on to a review of thermodynamics proper, in its origins the transformation of heat into work (and vice-versa), but more broadly taken to mean transformations between forms of energy. So, what is energy and how did the concept originate ... 

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