Complementation reporter constructs

The table is organized as follows Column 2 lists methods used to complement the XRD experiments. It is obvious from the analysis of the literature that most investigations have required (within the same report) the availability of complementary data for the interpretation of the XRD results. By far the most common complementary techniques are EXAFS and XAS to characterize the evolution of short- and long-range ordering simultaneously. The pairing of this very important basic information about the constitution of a catalyst has even led to the construction of a combined synchrotron-based experiment whereby both techniques were used with catalysts in complex reaction atmospheres (Clausen et al., 1993 Dent et al., 1995 Grunwaldt and Clausen, 2002 Sankar et al., 2000). 

The idea of picking multiconfigurational vectors to span the model space is appealing for two reasons. On one hand, the dimension of the space is reduced as compared to the case of using determinants. On the other hand, it may have a beneficial effect on intruder sensitivity, due to the internally coupled nature of reference vectors. Such an approach is however hard to find for the simple reason that the orthogonal complement of multiple multiconfiguration vectors is not easy to construct. It is at this point where the overlap treatments elaborated in Sect. 2 can be relied upon. Detailed derivation of the multistate extension of the MCPT framework is out of the scope of the present report. In what follows we confine ourselves to the key formulae necessary for the illustrative application of Sect. 4. 

As a complement to electron spectroscopy molecular ultra soft X-ray emission spectroscopy was developed in our laboratory in 1971. A specially designed instrument for this purpose was constructed and reported at the Asilomar conference. This high resolution 3m grazing incidence spectrometer with a differentially pumped electron excitation arrangement was built in order to observe - if possible - not only individual molecular orbitals but also vibrational fine structures (see ref.54, p.40-45). Such a fine structure was actually observed with the instrument first in and then later on in several... 

The composition of the encapsulating membrane is a combination of saturated phospholipids and cholesterol. The principal design feature of these constructs is the encapsulation ratio, that is, the ratio between the amount of hemoglobin contained versus the quantity of membrane used. One of the lowest ratios attained is 1.6 for the material developed by Tsuchida and coworkers [68] and similar results have been reported by Phillips and coworkers [5]. Another design parameter is particle size. As a general rule, the half-life of liposomes in the circulation is inversely proportional to particle size, and liposomes of diameter >200 nm are rapidly eliminated by the reticuloendothelial system. Complement activation was one of the early problems observed with the use of liposomes that was mostly solved by attaching PEG to the liposome surface [81]. This also prevented RBC aggregation and improved the dispersion state of the suspension and stabilization of the vesicles. 

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