Competition policies

Scherer, F. M. 1998. Comments. In Competition Policy and Intellectual Property Rights in the Knowledge-Based Economy, edited by R. Anderson and N. Gallini, 104-110, Alberta University of Calgary Press. 

The Cournot model is a standard oligopoly model, and it is often used in competition policy as a first approximation of how competition works (Martin, 1993). For our modelling purposes, the Cournot oligopoly model offered the best combination - faithful representation of market cost structure and behaviour, and flexibility to incorporate a mixture of profit-maximizing and sales-maximizing objectives - as well as tractable conversion into a spreadsheet modelling application. 

National allocation plans will constitute State aid under Article 87(1) EC and will therefore have to be notified to the Commission for assessment under State aid rules. Competition policy procedural rules will apply in this respect. The Commission intends to take at the same time the two decisions legally required on the Plan as regards the assessment as required in the common position and the State aid assessment. 

In analysing the possible justification of State aid granted in the form of the free allocation of allowances under the EU ETS, it is important to have an appreciation of the Commission s general approach to the approval of the grant of aid for environmental purposes.17 In its own words, this approach must satisfy a double imperative it must ensure the competitive functioning of markets, while at the same time integrating environmental protection requirements into competition policy (in particular, focusing upon the internalization of the costs of environmental impacts). However, the Commission is prepared to allow aid ... 

Commission of the EC, 2000. Denmark Commission approves tradable C02 emission permits for the electricity sector in Denmark for the period 2001-2003. EC Competition Policy Newsletter 2, 63-64. 

The fourth conference, held in Florence, on June 14—16, 2008, was conceived as a cross-topical event focusing on supply security at large. With regard to natural gas, the highlights were the discussion between academics, policy makers, and industry about the conclusions to draw, in particular with respect to vertical integration and competition policy. Nonetheless, compromises were found. 

UK Office of Fair Trading and UK Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (2007) Note provided to the Roundtable on Energy Security and Competition Policy, held in Paris, February 21. 

Diaconu, O., G. Operescu and R. Pittman (2008) Electricity reform in Romania , Working Paper 08-11, Centre for Competition Policy, University of East Anglia. 

Good competition policy enforcement helps security of supply. 

Cl is especially concerned about some global retail chains with a high level of vertical integration. Competition policies need to be strengthened. The establishment of large, low-price stores with loss leader policies has been foimd to give consumers fewer products in each store, which is a wonying trend. 

Community legislation takes three forms Regulations which are binding on Member States, Directives which require national implementation (see section 1.13.1) and Decisions. A Decision of the Council of Europe is specific rather than general. Its main use is if a State asks permission to depart from the EEC Treaty, for example in respect of competition policy. 

Dobson, P.W. and M. Waterson, 1996. Vertical restraints and competition policy. Research Paper 12, Office of Fair Trading, London. 

The EEC s consumer programme has acted in several ways as a stimulus to consumer protection in Britain, and the views of Britain s consumer organizations are represented by the Consumers in the European Community Group (UK). Competition rules set out in the Treaty of Rome also form an important part of the backcloth to British competition policy and practice. EEC membership also helps Britain to create jobs and develop the infrastructure and the environment, especially in Northern Ireland and the assisted areas. The Euro-... 

The TCAA concept advocates the freedom of the parties to provide services addresses issues pertaining to airline ownership and the right of establishment provides recommendations with regard to competition policy and offers guidelines on the leasing of aircraft. 

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