Factors governing the competition

Electro-organic chemistry at the cathode is essentially that of radicals, radical-anions, carbanions, and polyanions (which range from dianions to hexa-anions (Scheme 1). The anions may behave as nucleophiles, bases, and as single electron reductants the factors governing the competition between these roles are not yet fully understood. 

Factors Governing the Competition in Electrochemical Reactions at Illuminated Semiconductors... 

Vandervoorde, L., Vande Woestyne, M., Bruyneel, B., Christiaens, H., and Verstraete, W. 1992. Critical factors governing the competition behavior of lactic acid bacteria in mixed culture. In The Lactic Acid Bacteria in Health and Disease (B.J.P. Wood, ed.), Vol. 1, pp. 447-475. Elsevier Applied Science, London. 

As the reaction shown in the scheme above is a nucleophilic substitution reaction, nucleophilicity of oxygen atoms in monomers and polymer units is an important factor governing the competition between chain propagation and chain transfer to polymer. 

In the following paragraphs we present a critical discussion of the factors that govern the competition between heterolytic and homolytic dediazoniation, before... 

In the context of this chapter, we demonstrate that only by considering polar nucleophilic processes as SET processes can the factors that govern the competition between polar and SET processes as well as nucleophilic reactions of radical cations be adequately understood. 

Additionally, unsatisfactory extraction efficiencies were often blamed on poor extraction conditions, while the true cause was inadequate collection. Consequently many laboratories regarded SFE as too complex and abandoned the technique despite its excellent features. However, at present there are many well-conducted scientific applications and comprehensive text books that aids in the development of potent and competitive methods for the replacement of many conventional liquid-based methods such as Soxhlet. The basic concepts of SFE and important factors governing the extraction process will be outlined. Several applications suitable for SFE will also be presented. 

The face selectivity in stericaUy unbiased systems, exhibited in 2-adamantyl cation addition and elimination reactions, among others, has been reviewed, " and so have the elecuonic factors governing the diastereofacial selectivity of many reactions, including the nucleophilic capture of 5-substituted adamantyl cations. The standard enthalpy of formation of the 1-adamantyl cation (99) in the gas phase has been determined experimentally to be 162.0 2.0 kcalmoP, and the ab initio calculations on this species have been re-assessed. It has been found that the inuamolecular hydride transfer occurring in the cation derived from (198) is competitive with intermolec-ular processes, and that the rates of the hydride transfers and the reaction products observed were dependent upon R. The direct synthesis of stable adamantylide-neadamantane bromonium salts is reported the anions used contained or Mo, and the resulting salts proved to be more stable than the Brs salts. The synthesis, reactions, and properties of some 2,8-didehydronoradamantane derivatives are reported. " ... 

Overall, the organization needs to project the expected returns from such an investment and assess the competitive factors and barriers, including government regulations, before deciding which drug to develop. 

Impacts of toxicants upon the components of resource competition. The relationships among the factors incorporated into resource competition models can be affected in several ways by a toxicant. Only the density independent factors governing mortality escape. 

Selectivity in the oxidation of ammonia seems to be determined by the competition of NH3 and oxygen for a single type of active site, but the factors governing selectivity in the co-oxidation of ammonia and methane are obscure. The kinetics of HCN formation and of by-product formation should be examined under molecular beam conditions and over a wide temperature range so as to identify the important kinetic pathways. 

From an EPRI or DOE investment viewpoint, R D expenditures can be justified in many cases where a manufacturer would not invest because the ROI calculated by EPRI or DOE is greater. EPRI s or DOE S more favorable ROI may result from two factors i.e. no payment for commercialization costs, and/or the fact that all the benefits and hence income to utilities or society accrue to EPRI or DOE while only a fractional market capture accrue to the competitive manufacturer. Thus with a better ROI, EPRI or DOE has more motive to pay for R D than the manufacturer even if cost of money were the same to both. In addition money may be less costly to EPRI or DOE than it is to the manufacturer hence a lower discount can be used for cash flow and longer time between investment and payoff can be acceptable. Such financial factors can explain to some extent logic which makes government investment in fusion R D tenable, while a manufacturer could not endure the decades of negative cash flow before a profit is even possible. 

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