Biomass applications

In the United States, where clean and convenient natural gas, propane, and electricity are widely available and affordable, biomass use has limited potential. Nevenheless, U.S. biomass energy production has been increasing because of technological advances for new and improved biomass applications for electricity generation, gasification, and liquid fuels. 

Waste-heat and other special-purpose boilers Special designs provide boilers for waste heat and chemical recovery, waste-to-energy, and combined-cycle installations, pulverized-bed, and even biomass applications. 

In general, renewable technologies have failed to meet expectations with respect to market penetration. One exception to this trend is wind, which has met projections from the 1980s, although earlier projections were overly optimistic. The other exception is biomass applications, for which market penetration has exceeded previous projections.4... 

Boominathan, R., Saha-Chaudhury, N.M., Sahajwalla, V., and Doran, PM. 2004. Production of nickel bio-ore from hyperaccumulator plant biomass Applications in phytomining. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 86 243-50. 

Until fairly recently, no significant publications were produced on rapid or flash pyrolysis of waste plastics harnessing a FFR. A review of FFR developments is therefore given below regarding coal or biomass applications. 

If the particle size of the biomass fuel or feedstock is not predetermined by its history, as is the case for sawdusts, nutshells, and a few other waste biomass materials, size reduction is usually carried out with one or more units that make up the front end of the total processing system. Many different kinds of machines are employed. Generally, the size of the feed is reduced by grinding, cutting, or impact mechanisms. Not all of the designs are suitable for biomass energy applications because the equipment is customized for certain uses or the cost of size reduction is excessive. Agricultural crops and woody biomass are also usually processed by different types of machines. A brief review of the basic types of machines that are or have been used for biomass follows to illustrate the variety of size-reduction equipment and their biomass applications. 

The annual cost of biomass application is generated using ... 

Cost of conventional alternatives (Table i) have been collected in spring 2000 for the situation in Austria and reflect the cost, that private and companies have to pay for producing heat with fossil oil/gas and purchasing power from the grid instead of operating a biomass application. 

In Table 7 results are given for the applications selected and specified before. The relation between overall cost of the biomass application and the cost of the conventional alternative gives the competitiveness factor CF as described in the chapter Approach . 

Table 7 Results of the calculation of the competitiveness factor CF for the selected and specified biomass applications (figures rounded).

Biomass application as specified in Tab 5 and Tab 6 Heat output IkW] Power output fkWl Overall cost per year lEUR/al Cost of conv. alternative fEUR/al CF... 

CF-values <1 indicate that the biomass application is more expensive than the conventional alternative and therefore not very competitive. The higher the CF-value is, the more conqjetitive is the application investigated. 

Ike, A., Toda, N., Hirata, K. and Miyamoto, K. (1997a). Hydrogen photoproduction from Confixing microalgal biomass application of lactic acid fermentation by Lactobacillus amylovorus. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 84,428-433. 

Fluidized eatalytie eracking is a process well known for breaking long-chain hydrocarbon molecules in petroleum feedstocks, and is also applicable in biomass applications. The process applies a fluidized, powered catalyst after the moleeules are vaporized ... 

The obvious limitation of biofuels is the availability of cultivated land areas. In addition, conversion into synthetic hydrocarbons competes with other biomass applications like generation of electricity and heat. 

Algieri, A., Morrone, P. (2012). Comparative energetic analysis of high-temperatnre snbcritical and transcritical Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). A biomass application in the Sibari district. Applied Thermal Engineering, 36 236-244. 

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