Comparison with other processes

The benefits brought by this process to the juice producer is the highest in comparison with other processes, if we calculate theoritically the additional weight of concentrate per ton of apples he can produce and sell, out of the cost of enzymes (see Table 4)... 

The anions and cations in solution are normally hydrated and although hydration is a dynamic process, it is usually possible to identify a small number of water molecules in the hydration shell immediately surrounding the ion whose exchange rate is slow in comparison with other processes that might take place as the ions approach and recede from the interface. The picture of Figure 1.6 is, in any case, intended to represent a dynamic... 

In the aromatization process of light hydrocarbons, the deposition of coke on the catalyst proceeds rapidly in comparison with other processes such as naphtha... 

An overview of Monsanto s catalyst system in comparison with other processes is given in Table 1 [23, 80],... 

In summary, we have described an anaerobic process for singlecell protein from crude carbohydrates. The inhibitory by-products are simultaneously converted into methane. Mass transfer limitations can be avoided by using microfiltration rather than dialysis. Further study of the kinetics and improvements in yield will be necessary in order to make an economic comparison with other processes for single-cell protein. 

It was found that the main products of the anodic oxidation at high acetaldehyde concentrations (>0.1 mol dm ) are carbon dioxide and acetic acid however, only CO2 was detected at low concentrations. It should be noted, however, that these statements refer to oxidized platinum surfaces (E = 1,300 mV on RHE scale), thus any comparison with other processes occurring at bare metal surfaces is very questionable. (Only results obtained below 800 mV can be considered as reflecting the phenomena without the interference of oxygen adsorption.)... 

Hydrocarbon yields can be increased significantly when wood pyrolysis liquids are coprocessed with methanol over ZSM-5 catalyst vs separate processing of the two streams over the same catalyst. Thus, coprocessing pyrolysis liquids with methanol produced from char gasification is one means of producing hydrocarbon fuels from wood. Results obtained in this study provide a basis for comparison with other processing schemes such as wood gasification followed by either Fischer-Tropsch synthesis or methanol synthesis plus Mobil s MT6 process. 

Solvent removed from water by air stripping is recovered by adsorption on AC as the air leaves the stripper. Alternative methods of removing solvent from air are described in Chapter 2. If air stripping is used to clean water for discharge, the air leaving the process usually has a fairly low solvent concentration in comparison with other processes which give rise to solvent-rich air. This is especially true of any batch process for air stripping which is likely to aim to reduce the solvent content of the water to less than 100 ppm (w/w) and, in many cases, down to 20 ppm. 

In comparison with other processes the drowning-out of inorganic salts from aqueous solutions (with the help of orgarric substances) offers the advantage of lower energy consumption, because the errthalpy of vaporization of many displacement media is considerably lower than that of water. However, those processes compete... 

Guyot, A., Guillot, J., Pichot, C. and Guerrero, L. R. (1981) New design for producing constant-composition copolymers in emulsion polymerization comparison with other processes. Emulsion Polymers and Emulsion Polymerization (eds D.R. Bassett and A.E. Hamielec), ACS, Washington, pp. 415-436. 

Evaluate the risk. Identify the major sources of risk and determine if there are cost-effective process or plant modifications which can be implemented to reduce risk. Often this can be done without extensive analysis. Small and inexpensive system changes sometimes have a major impact on risk. The evaluation may be done against legally required risk criteria, internal corporate guidelines, comparison with other processes or more subjective criteria. 

The Damkohler number Da = tx/ chem - ratio of the characteristic hydrodynamic time scale (for example, turbulent mixing time x) to the chemical reaction characteristic time tchem- Large Damkohler numbers (Da >> 1) correspond to a very fast chemical reaction in comparison with other processes. Small Damkohler numbers (Da << 1) correspond to a slow chemical reaction in relation to other processes. 

More accurately, as the inverse problem process computes a quadratic error with every point of a local area around a flaw, we shall limit the sensor surface so that the quadratic error induced by the integration lets us separate two close flaws and remains negligible in comparison with other noises or errors. An inevitable noise is the electronic noise due to the coil resistance, that we can estimate from geometrical and physical properties of the sensor. Here are the main conclusions ... 

By far the best method I have tried to produce benzodioxole in terms of yields and simplicity. In comparison to other processes, this is in fact quite fun and I ll explain It in a fashion that can be followed by a complete novice, like I was when I started a while ago. What we do is react and reflux the ingredients first, then use a simple distillation procedure to extract the product with water as an azeotrope. Once extracted we wash until the product is clear, and then separate. From start to finish it will take about six hours. 

In estimating the enthalpy of polymerization, the physical state of both starting monomer and polymer must be specified. Changes in state are accompanied by ethalpy changes. Therefore, they also affect the level of the polymerization enthalpy. The AfT forN ylylene previously mentioned is apphcable to the monomer as an ideal gas. To make comparisons with other polymerization processes, most of which start with condensed monomer, a heat of vaporization for N ylylene is needed. It is assumed herein that it is the same as that for N ylene, 42.4 kJ /mol (10.1 kcal/mol). Thus the AfT of the hquid monomer -xylylene is 192.3 kJ/mol (46.0 kcal /mol). 

Plastics have many advantages. Included are the facts that they have the lowest energy consumption in the recycling processes of about 2 MJ/kg (2 to 2.5 MJ/I) and when incinerated the highest recovery energy content exists of about 42 MJ/kg. Some comparisons with other materials are provided. (1) Processing waste paper requires 6.7 MJ/kg and as a general rule about twice as much paper is needed compared to plastics for... 

Macrocycles and other concave structures, acid-base behaviour in, 30,63 Macromolecular systems in biochemical interest, 13C NMR spectroscopy in, 13,279 Magnetic field and magnetic isotope effects on the products of organic reactions, 20,1 Mass spectrometry, mechanisms and structure in a comparison with other chemical processes, 8, 152... 

Mechanism and structure, in mass spectrometry a comparison with other chemical processes, 8,... 

In comparison with other spectroscopic techniques, NMR is blessed with short-range interactions that render it possible to characterize and influence the spin evolution over relatively long periods of time without excessive loss from dissipative processes. This implies that the spin evolution to a large extent (but certainly not exclusively) may be described as unitary evolution of coherence/polarization potentially supplemented with corrections due to relaxation. 

The comparison of predicted and observed DDT and DDE concentrations revealed that volatilisation from soil is one process that needs to be evaluated, as it potentially introduced errors into the model. In the current parameterisation the volatisation rate is empirically based upon establishment of equilibrium in the soil multiphase system [Smit et al (1997)]. A validation of the parameterisation for SOCs, e.g. DDT, and a comparison with other parameterisations using a MBM could provide a way to enhance understanding of the MPI-MCTM model results. 

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