Comparing initiators

Having selected the right sponsor and identified key advocates, the next task is to sell them on the concept of PSM—and the need for an effective system within your company. The first step in any selling situation is to know your audience. It is up to you to do some informal research on the person or people you want to endorse PSM look for insights into their business priorities, their track records with comparable initiatives, and their professional backgrounds. This will help you ... 

Approaches for these two categories must be handled differently. In addressing the first group, you should consider whether these opinions are going to influence others. If not, you probably should not spend too much time trying to influence them. Instead, work with others in their location who are ready to listen to you. Those who are in opposition in principle have probably had poor experience with comparable initiatives in the past. You should probe to find out what these experiences were and show them how this has, or will be addressed, in this project. If the opposition is... 

A. monitoring vital signs every 4 hours B comparing initial and current signs and symptoms... 

Pickel DL, Politakos N, Avgeropoulos A, Messman JM (2009) A mechanistic study of alpha-(amino acid)-N-carboxyanhydride polymerization comparing initiation and termination events in high-vacuum and traditional polymerization techniques. Macromolecules 42 7781-7788... 

Mixer-2-input-flow-i = positive i = HCN, H2SO4, HCHO Propagating these values through the modeling equations, we can complete the definition of the goal state (see Fig. 14b). Comparing initial and... 

TPD and EELS experiments have shown coadsorbed NO/NH3 to form a surface stabilized complex on Pt(lll). This assertion was based in part on the very large vibrational shifts observed for the neat (NO or NH3) systems compared to the mixed system, and in part on the simultaneous desorption of NO and NH3 from the mixed system at values of Tg higher than typical of desorption from the neat systems at comparable initial coverage Kinetit y, desorption from this system has been characterized as reaction limited,... 

The Sir Galahad has been used in many locations around the world. For example, Cameron et al. [11] have used the instrument to vahdate plant operations in Thailand. In this apphcation the Sir Galahad was compared initially with other systems. Acidic vapour was found to cause false positive results in the other systems, whereas the Sir Galahad provided consistently rehahle data. Tests have recently been carried out to compare the Sir Galahad with conventional techniques—Table 3.1 shows results produced using the Sir Galahad and the ISO 6978 potassium permanganate absorption method. 

Tablets were prepared either with an insoluble (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate), a soluble (6-lactose) or a moderately soluble filler-binder (a-lactose monohydrate). As a disintegrant four different starches (com, rice, potato and tapioca) were used. As a comparison the effect of two super-disintegrants (crospovidone and sodium starch glycolate) was studied. The disintegrants were added at two concentration levels. The compression load was adjusted in order to obtain tablets with comparable initial cmshing strengths.

A comparative initiation/promotion skin application study was conducted with... 

United States National Toxicology Program (1996) Comparative Initiation/Promotion Skin Paint Studies ofB6C3Fi Mice, Swiss (CD-I ) Mice, and Senear Mice (Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 441 NIH Publ. No. 96-3357). Research Triangle Park, NC... 

Solubility values based on a plateau in the dissolution rate curve, when dissolution of the metastable form is essentially complete and the system reaches a pseudoequilibrium state befori conversion to the stable solid state, are reasonably accurate. Those based on peaks in these curves obtained by Ltting exponential functions to estimate the plateau that might be reached in the absenc< of conversion should only be considered estimates ofthe metastable form solubility. The quantitative gain in these systems may be estimated more accurately by comparing initial dissolution rates for the two forms. In most cases, amorphous form solubilities must be estimated by these techniques due to their rapid crystallization when in contact with solvents. 

In order to determine kp and also for the purposes of comparing initiators (tested under the same monomer concentrations and experimental conditions), this rate expression can be reduced to a pseudo-first-order equation ... 

Although the best method to compare initiator activities is via the determination of /ip. the values of kohs can also provide useful data on catalysts activities, particularly if a common set of conditions are applied. In some cases, no rate data is available rather, a time at a particular monomer conversion is reported. In order to discuss polymerization rates in this review, we have attempted to compare experiments run under standard conditions. It seems common in this field to run polymerizations at a lactide concentration of 1 M and an initiator concentration of 10 mM (1 mol%) under such conditions, initiators can be ranked according to how long they take to reach >90% conversion, as illustrated in Table 1. 

If there is no difference in fractional energy disposal with isotope, then a discrepancy arises between the molecular beam measurements of (Ft) and the values of (FT> derived from the chemiluminescence experiments. For D + C12, the beams result is = 0.40 which is much lower than the chemiluminescence estimate, = 0.60, obtained under comparable initial conditions [196], No satisfactory explanation for this difference has yet been advanced. The good agreement between the H, D + Cl2 infrared chemiluminescence results measured by different groups suggests that a remeasurement of the product translational energy distribution might be required to resolve this discrepancy. 

For comparisons of genome size, the Gt peaks from the species of interest are compared. Initially, a species should be selected as a standard. The fluorescence channel or fluorescence intensity of nuclei is not a meaningful number unless it is compared relative to a standard. Therefore, each day an analysis is run, at least two samples of the standard should be examined. The flow cytometer parameters are set such that all analysis will... 

In [27-29], hydrothermal, mechanochemical and solid-phase syntheses of calcium silicate from anhydrous and hydrated oxides were compared. Initial components were taken at Ca/Si ratio equal to 0.8 1.0 1.2. According to X-ray analysis, the interaction in the mixtures of anhydrous oxides under mechanical activation is not completed. The product being formed is X-ray amorphous. When heated at 600-800 C, it is crystallized in the form of a -Ca2Si04 (Fig. 3.6a). At higher temperatures, Ca3Si207 is formed P-CaSiOj is crystallized at 860 C. The observed sequence of stages is similar to those observed in solid-phase synthesis of wollastonite. The amount of p-CaSiOj at 900°C does not exhibit any substantial dependence on the initial fractions of the reagents. 

Monometallic Pt (0.4% w/w) and bimetallic Pt-Sn (0.4% 0.49% w/w respectively) catalysts supported on alumina have been modified with alkali metals ( Li, Na, K,Rb Cs, Pt alkali molar ratio of 1 40) have been investigated by TPR, TPD (ammonia and hydrogen), Pt dispersion and TPCO measurements and evaluation of activity for dehydrogenation of n-decane. Activity of alkali promoted mono and bimetallic catalysts are shown in Fig. 6 7 In the case of monometallic catalysts, Pt-Li system exhibits comparable initial actvity while the stability improves significantly. Other alkali elements do not show... 

For glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, conflicting conclusions have been reached by different workers (47 49). From one analysis of initial rate data, for the pig muscle enzyme, it appears that with glycer-aldehyde as substrate the mechanism is random (SO), whereas with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate there is random combination of this substrate and NAD followed by phosphate as the compulsory third substrate (48). On the other hand, inhibition studies with the rabbit muscle enzyme indicate an ordered mechanism in which NAD is the first and acyl acceptor the last substrate to combine (51). More detailed comparative initial rate studies with the several aldehydes w hich act as substrates (Section II,E), preferably by a fluorimetric method (11,47), and isotope exchange studies at equilibrium are needed for this enzyme. 

Metivier-Pignon et al. [6] have compared initial adsorption coefficients y for 22 dyes of different molecular weights onto a raicroporous and a mesoporous activated carbon cloth. As presental in Fig. 2, for both adsorbents, initial adsorption coefficients seem to be correlated with the molecular size of the dyes. Furthermore, the mesoporous activated carbon cloth removes the larger molecules better. 

The reaction order determined from batch tests can be checked by varying the initial concentration and comparing initial reaction rates. Sometimes a reaction appears to be first order using initial rate data but higher order by fitting conversion-versus-time data. A possible explanation for such behavior is inhibition by one of the reaction products, which can be checked by runs with some product present at the start. 

The results of these studies are compared initially to finite regulatory criteria which place the pesticide into one of several categories. In the most usual case the criteria of risk potential are not exceeded and the mere fact that the pesticide performs its intended function is adequate to determine that benefits exceed risks. Such products are registered with little if any sophisticated assessments of actual hazard, exposure or economic benefit. 

Over the last 10 years a lot of efforts have been made to implement probabilistic methods for environmental risk assessments (ERA) into regulatory decisionmaking schemes. ECOFRAME in the US (www.epa.gov/oppefedl/ecorisk) was the first and largest project in this area, the EU-project EUFRAM (vww.eufram. com) is a comparable initiative. Whereas on the effect side, several examples exist where species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) were used for regulatory decisionmaking, comparable cases on the exposure side are rare. 

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