Mountain climbing

Mountain-climbing analogy to using a searching algorithm to find the optimum response for a response surface. The path on the left leads to the global optimum, and the path on the right leads to a local optimum. 

When an optimum is reached, the perturbation ia any direction would reduce the value of the objective function. Such an optimum, however, does not guarantee a global optimum, and the mountain-climbing process stops at a local optimum. 

People will tolerate a greater level of risk if the threat is one they specifically have chosen to accept (mountain climbing, flying, etc.). Individuals reject comparable risk if the risks are imposed upon them (e.g., a landfill springing up in a hitherto vacant lot beside a house). 

Starr, 1969 approached this by investigating the "revealed preferences exhibited in society ls the result of trial and error. (Similar to the "efficient market theory" in the stock market.) Stan-conjectured that the risk of death from disease appears to determine a level of acceptable voluntary risk but that society requires a much lower level for involuntary risk. He noted that individuals seem to accept a much higher risk (by about 1000 times) if it is voluntary, e.g., sky-diving or mountain climbing, than if it is imposed, such as electric power or commercial air travel, by a correlating with the perceived benefit. From this study, a "law" of acceptable risk was found concluding that risk acceptability is proportional cube of the benefits. Figure 1.4.4-1 from Starr, 1972 shows these relationships. One aspect of revealed preferences is that these preferences do not necessarily remain constant (Starr et al., 1976). In Starr et al., 1976, it is shown that while nuclear power has the least risk of those activities compared, it also has the least perceived benefit. Clearly the public thinks that... 

The most difficult losses for me have been the things I took the most pride in, like my athletic ability. Mountain climbing was my passion. I was a world-class athlete, and I lost my coordination. I also used to take so much pride in my brain. I knew what... 

SAQ 5.4 A mountaineer climbs Mount Everest and wishes to make a strong cup of tea. He boils his kettle, but the final drink tastes lousy because the water boiled at too low a temperature, itself because the pressure at the top of the mountain is only 0.4 x pe. Again taking the enthalpy of boiling the water to be 50 IdmoE1 and the normal boiling temperature of water to be 373 K, calculate the temperature of the water as it boils at the top of the mountain. 

Answers will vary from person to person and depend on the topic selected. A response for the topic of mountain climbing tools and equipment is shown below. 

What types of tools and equipment are needed for mountain climbing ... 

If you have ever gone mountain climbing, you have probably noticed that the air grows cooler with increasing elevation. At lower elevations, the air is generally warmer. This is because Earth s surface radiates much of the heat it absorbs from the sun. As this heat radiates upward, it warms the air—an effect that decreases with increasing distance from the ground. 

It is well known that white arsenic can be taken in small quantities with apparently good effects. Thus, the arsenic eating of the Styrian peasants is said to improve the respiration and to enable them to endure fatigue better in mountain climbing the skin is improved and the body well developed,7 and the arsenic eater appears to be exempt from infectious diseases. The arsenic acts as a stimulant and causes an increased flow of the gastric juice.8 The doses taken are at first small, but are gradually increased to about 0-3 g. or more Knapp 9 records... 

Air pressure decreases with height. As a mountaineer climbs higher, the air pressure decreases. But the body pressure acting outwards does not decrease. Therefore, the pressure exerted by the mountaineer s body is greater than the air pressure. This causes the capillaries in the nose to bleed. 

Massive rhabdomyolysis—myoglobinuric acute renal failure due to marathon, mountain climbing, etc. 

Rapid walking, long-distance race, marathon, mountain climbing... 

A keen mountaineer, Jordan Lloyd achieved the distinction of making the first ascent and descent in one day of the Mittellgi ridge of the Eiger. Her mountain-climbing exploits led to her election to the Ladies Alpine Club. Later, she adopted competition horse riding as her main interest, which caused her friend Stephenson to comment in both those pursuits she excelled and certainly the element of danger encountered in them was not without its attraction to her. 59(a) She died of pneumonia on 21 November 1946. 

The time in France seemed to have been the happiest of her life. Franklin took science very seriously, and in the laboratory she was intense and reserved, but outside she sparkled in the chic social life of Paris. Her co-workers were also friends with whom she had lunch at local bistros, went to dinner parties, and joined for skiing and mountain-climbing vacations. She particularly loved mountains and went on frequent long hikes and bicycle trips. Holidays, in fact, were one of her greatest joys, and they were planned in meticulous detail. As her mother remarked ... 

Equipment used for skiing and snowboarding have become much more lighter and ergonomic. The bottom of skies are waxed to deorease Motion. In mountain climbing, tools are now made very strong, light and resistant to the natural elements suoh as wind, sun and the rain. 

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