Comparative Case Examples

This chapter highlights the example of one particular private university (ESPRIT) to illustrate recent developments in Tunisian EE. This is juxtaposed with a nascent graduate institution (Masdar) developing in the Middle East and more explicitly modeling itself on an American exemplar. These two short case examples inform the Tunisian context more broadly. 

Another benefit of ESPRIT reported by students artd faculty is the focus on soft skills. All of the exams involve an oral defense in front of the entire class and the opportunity to receive critiques on nontechnical skills. Some modules are in English. Nearly all students at ESPRIT have internships outside of the school. However, there are some complaints registered. For the ESPRIT students, alternating every three days in school with three days at their senior project is very difficult—too short a frequency for each part— and they might have preferred the stmcture in public engineering schools. 

Within Trrrrisia, schools formed in partnership with American or other international rmiversities are not unique. For example, in partnership with an Ameriean rmiversity, the South Mediterranean University was formed and now boasts a rarrk as one of the top 1000 business schools in the world. It very expUcitly brrilds on American higher education practices (Systemes d information a d.). While its focus is not on engineering, the adverrt of an American-accredited rrrriversity operating tmder a partnership with a US institution (University of Maryland) is seen as having the potential to drastically change the landscape of the Trrrrisian system if more similar projects were developed. 

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Observations of reactivity are concerned with rate determining processes and require the knowledge of the structure and energy of the activated complexes. Up to now, the Hammond principle has been employed (see part 3.2) and reactive intermediates (cationic chain ends) have been used as models for the activated complexes. This was not successful in every case, therefore models of activated complexes related to the matter at hand were constructed, calculated and compared. For example, such models were used to explain the high reactivity of the vinyl ethers19 80). These types of obser-... 

This case example illustrates how the results of individual and comparative analyses of remedial alternatives may be presented in a feasibility study report. The study uses a U.S. EPA example12 that focuses on a detailed analysis of the alternatives that had been selected after screening. 

There is disagreement in the literature about the role of friction. Compare, for example, Cai (1993) with Ishikawa et al. (2000) This has arisen in various ways. In the case of metals, where the Chin-Gilman parameter is small, friction is not important for relatively large indents. However, as the C-G parameter becomes much larger for covalent crystals, and as the indent size decreases friction becomes more important. Also, environmental factors, such as humidity, affect friction coefficients. In the regime of superhardness with dry specimens and small indents friction becomes very important. 

Only methylgermanium species of the theoretically possible organic series have been detected. Unlike the cases for tin and lead there are no large-scale higher alkyl industrial products for germanium that would produce higher alkylgermaniums in the environment (compare, for example, the butyltins and the alkylleads). 

The two stretching modes are called V and v3 here in order to conform with standard notation (Herzberg, 1950 v2 is the bending mode). Several other cases have been analyzed. Typical root-mean-square deviations for the lowest-order Hamiltonian of Eq. (4.28) are < 5 cm-1 up to the sixth overtone. For example, the calculation of water of Table 4.1 has a root-mean-square deviation of 4.0 cm. In addition to providing a calculation of stretching overtones, one is also able to determine, in a simple way, the nature of the spectrum. If one compares, for example, water, H20, with sulfur dioxide, S02, one observes the situation of Table 4.2. Thus S02 is much closer to the normal limit than H20. We shall... 

The prodrugs discussed in the previous section were obtained by esteri-fying a OH group in an active agent with phosphoric acid. A few comparable cases exist where the esterifying agent is not phosphoric acid, but a phosphoric acid monoester or diester. However, most examples presented in this section are either ... 

Stereocontrol in intermolecular cyclopropanation also depends on the structure of the unsaturated substrate. Early work concerning the influence of substrate on stereoselectivity has been summarized by Doyle2. In general, cyclopropanation of ciy-disubstituted alkenes results in higher stereoselectivity than with monosubstituted alkenes and the steric bulk of the olefinic substituent enhances the stereoselectivity. However, the stereocontrol appears not simply to be caused by a steric factor. In comparable cases, the presence of halogen as an alkene substituent may cause a reversal of the normal stereoselectivity. A few examples which illustrate these effects are shown in equations 124167 172, 74. 

NRC regulations described above represent a case-by-case approach to establishing exemption levels for radioactive material. Although the various exemption levels are expected to correspond to low doses from use and disposal of materials compared, for example, with dose limits in radiation protection standards for the public... 

Before presenting some case examples, we note that ab initio calculations are usually carried out for individual molecules (or ions or radicals). Hence, strictly speaking, theoretical results should only be compared with gas-phase experimental data. Cautions should be taken when computational results are compared with data obtained from experiments in the solid state, liquid or solution phase. 

It is instructive to compare the example of the seemingly more feasible Claus process with the less tractable direct HCN synthesis. The major difference lies in the much poorer selectivity of both catalyst and adsorbents at the higher temperatures (400 °C rather than 250 °C) in the latter case, which would seem to indicate that adsorptive reactors function better at lower temperatures. The ability to use a process gas stream for elutive regeneration and to overcome problems due to distortive reactant adsorbent on the catalyst using the partial de-integration described in Section 7.5.1 are further points favoring the use of adsorptive reactors in the first instance. 

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