Compact reactor system

Moreover, they might lead to flexibility, allowing more compact reactor systems. The first results are promising. 

The concept of macroscopic kinetics avoids the difficulties of microscopic kinetics [46, 47] This method allows a very compact description of different non-thennal plasma chemical reactors working with continuous gas flows or closed reactor systems. The state of the plasma chemical reaction is investigated, not in the active plasma zone, but... 

Partial oxidation provides quick start-up and compactness, while steam reforming produces relatively high concentration of hydrogen in the product gas. The steam reforming is endothermic and the partial oxidation is exothermic so that the combination of these two reactions in appropriate proportion allows close to thermal neutrality, or adiabatic conditions at the desired temperature. HotSpot reactor systems have been developed for the autothermal reforming of methanol. ... 

On the basis of the single reactor productivity, 205 compact MRs are needed for an industrial plant able to produce 10,000 Nm /h of pure hydrogen without requiring any H2 purification unit downstream the reactors system. 

Higher conversion and selectivity to desired products More compact reactors with less heat and mass transfer limitation High versatility in terms of applications and scale, i.e. from integration in micro-systems to large scale power plants with CO2 capture. 

The external numbering-up benefits from true repetition of the fluidic path and hence preserves all the transport properties and hydrodynamics, determined in advance for a single-device operation. But it needs sophisticated monitoring and control systems. In contrast, internal numbering-up ensures compact reactor architecture at high throughput. But fluidic path should be redesigned and sometimes the functional device has to be made. 

In parallel with the development of the membrane reformer system, a new concept membrane module, which has a palladium alloy membrane coated on the porous support tube with catalytic activity has been developed (Nishii, 2009). This membrane module is expected to provide a more compact reactor because the reactor does not require a separate catalyst. It is also expected that this module can be manufactured at low cost by applying the industrially-established mass production process used to make oxygen sensors for combustion control in vehicles with internal combustion engines. 

The compact primary system poses questions for the thermal-hydraulics and structural material behaviour. A very substantial programme has been completed with work sharing between the three countries for tests in sodium and water models of the reactor at various scales. A number of iterations between the design and R D teams was necessary to identify the optimum design arrangement. 

A water-filled containment system is adopted to maintain core flooding passively and to realize a compact reactor plant. The design pressure of the containment vessel (CV) is 4MPa to withstand the pressure from a LOCA. The IU V is surrounded with a water tight shell for thermal insulation. 

Final pH control takes place in the second compact reactor, promoting a quick system response. The first loop reactor also has pH measurement, which in certain circumstances can be used for control, for example when it is required to introduce all the acid in the first loop (alcohol ethoxy lates). 

As space is Umited in a locomotive, especially if it is not designed for the integration of an aftertreatment system, the reactor has to be fitted in place of the silencer. Hence, a very compact reactor, which is able to act as a silencer too, is required. A further challenge arises for aftertreatment systems that are combined... 

SCOR is a compact reactor in many ways similar to BWRs and the SIR concept [10]. The containment is assumed consist of a pressure suppression compartment. The specific feature of the SCOR design is that it includes two physically separated areas one located below the mating surface that couples the reactor and the SG and another one located above this surface. The upper area contains the reactor vessel with all its small diameter pipe connections. The lower area is in contact with only the secondary system when the reactor is in operation, and with the primary system during maintenance operations. 

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