Common names, table

For an almost complete Hst of useful pigments, see Ref. 10. Most suppHers identify thek pigments by Cl designations and common names (Table 2). 

Sun, data on, 119, 444, 447 Superconductivity, 58 Superfluidity, 58 Symbols, chemical, 30 not from common names, table, 31 System, 70... 

Taxonomic nomenclatures for plants and animals are under constant revision. In the Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment series, the author elected to conform as much as possible to the systems and spellings used by Scott and Wasser (1980) for plants, Swain and Swain (1948) for insects, Turgeon et al. (1988) for aquatic molluscs, Williams et al. (1989) for decapod crustaceans, Pratt (1935) and Hyman (1940, 1951a, 1951b, 1955) for miscellaneous invertebrates, Robins et al. (1991) for fishes, Ditmars (1966) for reptiles, Edwards (1974) and Howard and Moore (1991) for birds, and Nowak and Paradiso (1983) for mammals. Individual species are arranged alphabetically by scientific and common names (Table 33.2). In total, about 2300 species of animals and plants were cited, of which only 23 (1.0%) were listed in at least 20 chapters. The most widely cited species include ... 

Many of the names used to describe quartz varieties are obsolete, popular or common names. Tables 2.S and 2.4 list the correct name for each variety, plus synonyms or archaic names for each. 

A number of carboxyhc acids are found in nature and have heen known for many years. As a result, some of the familiar carboxylic acids are almost always referred to by their common names (Table 14.6). 

Dicarboxylic acids are named as alkanedioic acids in the lUPAC systematic or substitutive system. Most simple dicarboxylic acids have common names (Table 17.2). 

More than 500 amino acids exist in nature, but the proteins in aU species, from bacteria to humans, consist mainly of only 20. Adult humans can synthesize all but eight, and two only in insuf cient quantities. This group is often called the essential amino acids because they must be included in our diet. Although amino acids can be named in a systematic manner, they rarely are so we shall use their common names. Table 26-1 lists the 20 most common amino acids, along with their structures, their p, values, and the three- and (the newer) one-letter codes that abbreviate their names. We shall see later how to use these codes to describe peptides conveniently. 

Carboxylic acids are abundant in nature and were among the first organic substances isolated. Because they have been known for so long, many have common names. Table 20.1 gives common and lUPAC names of several carboxylic acids. 

Langmuir also gave needed emphasis to the importance of employing pure substances rather than the various natural oils previously used. He thus found that the limiting area (at the Pockels point) was the same for palmitic, stearic, and cerotic acids, namely, 21 per molecule. (For convenience to the reader, the common names associated with the various hydrocarbon derivatives most frequently mentioned in this chapter are given in Table IV-1.)... 

A single alkane may have several different names a name may be a common name or it may be a systematic name developed by a well defined set of rules The most widely used system is lUPAC nomencla ture Table 2 6 summarizes the rules for alkanes and cycloalkanes Table 2 7 gives the rules for naming alkyl groups... 

Many simple monosubstituted derivatives of benzene have common names of long stand mg that have been retained m the lUPAC system Table 111 lists some of the most important ones... 

It IS hard to find a class of compounds in which the common names of its members have influenced organic nomenclature more than carboxylic acids Not only are the common names of carboxylic acids themselves abundant and widely used but the names of many other compounds are derived from them Benzene took its name from benzoic acid and propane from propionic acid not the other way around The name butane comes from butyric acid present m rancid butter The common names of most aldehydes are derived from the common names of carboxylic acids—valeraldehyde from valeric acid for exam pie Many carboxylic acids are better known by common names than by their systematic ones and the framers of the lUPAC rules have taken a liberal view toward accepting these common names as permissible alternatives to the systematic ones Table 19 1 lists both common and systematic names for a number of important carboxylic acids... 

The list of carboxylic acids in Table 19 1 is by no means exhaus tive insofar as common names are concerned Many others are known by their common names a few of which follow Give a systematic lUPAC name for each... 

Table 7.7 lists the common names and the comonomers for several addition copolymers that are widely used as elastomers, fibers, or films. 

In the polymer literature each of the five quantities listed above is encountered frequently. Complicating things still further is the fact that a variety of concentration units are used in actual practice. In addition, lUPAC terminology is different from the common names listed above. By way of summary, Table 9.1 lists the common and lUPAC names for these quantities and their definitions. Note that when

[Pg.593]

Several compounds of the CaO—P2O3—H2O system are given in Table 8. The common names for the mono-, di-, and tricalcium phosphates arise from the traditional double-oxide formulas, CaO 2i5p T2O3, 2CaO H2O +205, and 3CaO +205, respectively. These terms are routinely used in industry. With the exception of the monocalcium salt, the calcium phosphates are all sparingly soluble. 

This article discusses the benzenepolycarboxyhc acids, their anhydrides, and their esters. Table 1 includes lUPAC nomenclature, common names, and CAS Registry Numbers for the benzenepolycarboxyhc acids. These acids and anhydrides are highly stable. The carboxyUc acid groups provide from two to six sites for reaction for a wide variety of products, mostly polymers and plasticizers. 

The diphenylsulfone group is suppHed to the repeat unit of aU polysulfones by DCDPS the differentiating species between various polysulfones comes from the choice of bisphenol. There are three commercially important polysulfones referred to genericaHy by the common names polysulfone (PSF), polyethersulfone (PES), and polyphenylsulfone (PPSF). The repeat units of these polymers are shown in Table 1. 

Synthesis by oxidation remains the first choice for commercial and laboratory preparation of quinones the starting material (1) provided the generic name quinone. This simple, descriptive nomenclature has been abandoned by Chemicaly hstracts, but remains widely used (2). The systematic name for (2) is 2,5-cyclohexadiene-l,4-dione. Several examples of quinone synonyms are given in Table 1. Common names are used in this article. 1,2-Benzoquinone (3,5-cydohexadiene-l,2-dione) (3) is also prepared by oxidation, often with freshly prepared silver oxide (3). Compounds related to (3) must be prepared using mild conditions because of their great sensitivity to both electrophiles and nucleophiles (4,5). 

Thiols ate still commonly named as mercaptans, although the proper nomenclature is that estabUshed by the International Union of Pure and AppHed Chemists (lUPAC). A listing of the lUPAC name, common name, and stmcture, is shown in Table 1. 

Table 14. Common Name and Typical Specifications for Titanium Alloys...

Common names, chemical stmcture, and synonyms for the vitamins are given in Table 3. The names given to the vitamins and/or their letter designations do not foUow a logical pattern and are of historical significance only. Despite this, the nomenclature is in common use. 

In eadier Hterature carbonochloridic esters are referred to as chloroformates or chlorocarbonates because of the stmctural parallel with formic acid [64-18-6]., chloroformic acid, and carbonic acid. Before 1972, chloroformates were indexed in Chemicaly4bstracts, Eighth Collective Index, under formic acid, chloroesters whereas, in the Ninth Collective Index (Dec. 1990), they are referred to as carbonochloridic acid esters. Table 1 fists the common names of carbonochloridates or chloroformates, the CAS Registry Numbers, and the formulas. 

Table 1 Hsts a number of chelating agents, grouped according to recognized stmctural classes. Because systematic nomenclature of chelating agents is frequently cumbersome, chelants are commonly referred to by common names and abbreviations. For the macrocyclic complexing agents, special systems of abbreviated nomenclature have been devised and are widely used. Some of the donor atoms involved ia chelation and the many forms ia which they can occur have been reviewed (5).

A cyanohydrin is an organic compound that contains both a cyanide and a hydroxy group on an aUphatic section of the molecule. Cyanohydrias are usually a-hydroxy nitriles which are the products of base-cataly2ed addition of hydrogen cyanide to the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones. The lUPAC name for cyanohydrias is based on the a-hydroxy nitrile name. Common names of cyanohydrias are derived from the aldehyde or ketoae from which they are formed (Table 1). 

As its name implies, this complex transfers a pair of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q a small, hydrophobic, yellow compound. Another common name for this enzyme complex is NADH dehydrogenase. The complex (with an estimated mass of 850 kD) involves more than 30 polypeptide chains, one molecule of flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and as many as seven Fe-S clusters, together containing a total of 20 to 26 iron atoms (Table 21.2). By virtue of its dependence on FMN, NADH-UQ reductase is a jlavoprotein. 

Table 1 Relative energies per atom of several structures for each of the metals examined by the tight-binding model discussed in the text. The energy of the experimental ground state structure is arbitrarily set to zero. All energies are calculated at the equihbrium volume found by the tight-binding fit, and are expressed in mRy. Below the common name of eacli phase is its Struldtirberirht designation.

Table 6.1 Common Names of Some Alkenes Compound Systematic name...

A few simple and well-known aldehydes have common names that are recognized by RJPAC. Several that you might encounter are listed in Table 19.1. 

Table 20.1 Common Names of Some Carboxylic Acids and Acyl Groups...

The common name of an ester consists of two words. The first word (methyl, ethyl,...) is derived from that of the alcohol the second word (formate, acetate,...) is the name of the acid with the -ic suffix replaced by -ate. Thus ethyl formate (Table 22.4) is made from ethyl alcohol and formic acid ... 

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