Commerdal applications

The major commerdal application of this type of reaction is the reduction of 17-keto steroids to the corresponding secondary alcohol. The manufacturers Schering AG use enzymes from Saccharotnyces sp to reduce secosteroid (roc-3-methoxy-8, 14, secoestra-13,5(10),9(ll)-tetraene-14,17-dione) and androst-4-ene, 1,17 dione. 

For commerdal applications based on add/base catalyzed chemical processes see, for instance Mitsutani, A. (2002) Catalysis Today, 73, 57-63. 

The phenomenon of PV was described for the first time by Kober in 1917 (Kober, 1919). The real breakthrough of this membrane process started in the 1980s with the development of a series of industrial appUcations and the use of poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(acryl nitrile) (PVA-PAN) composite membranes for the dehydration of alcohol/water azeotropic mixtures (Thsel and Bruschke, 1985). The other main PV commerdal application was developed by Membrane Technology Research (MTR) and is based on the removal of VOCs from contaminated water (Cox and Baker, 1998). 

For non-commerdal purposes and intranet applications the JME Editor may be obtained directly from the author [209]. 

In applications for static purpose, phosphoric add fuel cells have been constructed on a large scale for mainly test purposes. They have shown commerdal level performance and stability. More advanced types of fuel cells like molten carbonate fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells are also under development for this purpose but are %t to reach that level. 

Summary Nitroform is easily prepared by reacting isopropyl alcohol with 99% nitric add. The resulting reaction mixture is then extracted with methylene chloride, and then evaporated. Commerdal I ndustrial note For related, or similar information, see Application No. 857,055, October 24,1978, by Rockwell International Corporation, to Milton B. Frankel,... 

Dicyclopentadiene was used as another difunctional agent for the synthesis of an oligomeric AO from 4-methylphenol [120] (after tert-butylation, AO 99 was obtained) or diphenylamine [121]. Polymeric aromatic amines for application in rubber stabilization were obtained in the presence of acid catalysts from diphenylamine and l,4-bis(l-hydroxy-l-methylethyl)benzene or 1,4-diisopropylbenzene [122] or from iV,A -diphenyl-l,4-phenylenediamine and a,to-p-xylylenedi-chloride [123]. Polymerization of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline in the presence of protic or Lewis adds [1] is very important commerdally. Oligomeric product 100 is an effective AO and AF agent for rubbers. 

Batch, semicontinuous, and continuous reactors that are designed intelligently can be utilized to manipulate almost any fundamental and/or application property. Suitable products for most applications can usually be manufactured in several different reactor systems. One may he required, however, to adjnst the latex recipe and reaction conditions to produce a satisfactoiy product in one reactor type if that produce has been developed in another reactor system. Thus, if a reactor system has been chosen for the commerdal unit one should plan on some, and in most cases considerable, product development work in a similar, small-scale system. 

The ability of proteins to stereoselectively bind small molecules has been used to develop a series of commerdally available protein-based CSPs (the type V HPLC CSPs), including phases that contain immobilized AGP (84), HSA (85), BSA (86), and ovomucoid (OVM) (87) (see Table 5). All these CSPs are useful in the HPLC resolution of enantiomeric compounds and appear to have an extremely wide range of applications, and the AGP CSP seems to have the broadest utility of any of the current CSPs (9-11). However, although the type V CSPs display high enantioselectivities, they also have low capadties due to the relatively small amounts of the chiral selector that can be immobilized per g silica. Thus, these CSPs are useful... 

The stereospecific addition of water to fumaric add catalyzed by the enzyme fumarase yields optically pure L-malic add (Fig. 28). A Brevibac-terium flctvum strain with high fumarase activity has been used industrially for the commerdal production of L-malic add (97). The substrate specificity of fumarase is narrow and hence its broader application in organic synthesis has been somewhat limited. However, it has been shown to synthesize L-fferco-chloromalic add in very high optical purity (98). 

Although HTs could be relatively easy prepared on a lab-scale by co-predpitation, they are commerdally available in large amounts for industrial uses, for example by Siid-Chemie, which is one of the main industrial suppliers. An interesting example of application of HTs is the condensation and seledive hydrogenation of acetone to methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). 

There are many reports about the dark coloration of urine after topical appbcation of commerdal hair dye formulations containing PPD. It was shown that PPD is excreted in urine after topical application [19]. It is believed that the darkening of urine was caused by oxidizing agents and was taken as evidence of the excretion of unchanged PPD [19]. 

This section amply demonstrates the possibility of preparing cydodextrin indusion complexes with a wide variety of pesticides, that possess particularly advantageous properties for some spedfic applications. These complexes would improve the behavior of the pestiddes in comparison to the current commercial formulations, but, according to Szejtli [69], the pestidde industry is very raw-material price sensitive, and it seems that up to now the price of even the cheapest technical-quality yS-CyD is too high to allow the commerdalization of these pestidde formulations. 

Schnell, C. R. et al. The industrial application of plasma technology for the production of fused silka, Symp. Commerdal Potential for Arc and Plasma Processes, Atlantic City, 8-11 sept. 1974... 

TABLE 5.20 Some Commerdal Polymer Membranes and Their Applications... 

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