Commercial development, changing nature

This article therefore seeks to examine in depth just one mixed oxide catalyst, tin-antimony oxide, which has been commercially developed (2-5) for the oxidation of propylene to acrolein as well as for the ammoxidation of propylene to acrylonitrile and the oxidative dehydrogenation of butenes to 1,3-butadiene. A recent book (6) and a subsequent review (7) have shown how little unanimity has been established about the fundamental properties of the material. In particular there seems to be much confusion as to the phase composition, the nature of the cationic oxidation states, the chemical environment of the cations, the charge compensation mechanism, the nature of the active sites, the distortion of the host tin(IV) oxide lattice by the dopant antimony atoms and whether any changes in the catalyst result from the adsorption and catalytic processes. 

Not only changing the ligand sphere but also the addition of a co-catalyst can dramatically increase catalyst-efficiency. In an interesting exanq>le is the cobalt-catalyzed amido-carbonylation. In a perfectly atom economic way N-acylamino acids can be produced fi om simple amides, aldehydes and carbon monoxide. Although amidocarbonylation reactions which were originally developed by Wakamatsu in the early seventies cannot compete commercially against cheap natural sources or fermentation, for non-natural amino acids this salt fi ee process must be considered as a viable alternative to the conventional Strecker reaction. 

Oefore discussing the contributions of marketing research for plan-- - ning development and new product ventures, we should first discuss the changing nature of commercial development and how it is affected by the forces changing the chemical industry. These forces that are changing the industry include ... 

In response to the changing forces affecting the chemical industry, commercial development has changed not only in character, but also in the nature in which it carries out its traditional functions. Some of the forces affecting the chemical industry, and in turn commercial development are ... 

All these changes in the chemical industry have forced changes in the emphasis within the commercial development function away from the market development aspects of internally generated research products, as was the case in former years, to a broader concept of the commercial development function and a recognition of the critical nature of the timing of commercial development. 

The mature Haber-Bosch technology is unlikely to change substantiaHy in the foreseeable future. The centers for commercial ammonia production may, however, relocate to sites where large quantities of natural gas are flared from cmde oil production, eg, Saudi Arabia or Venezuela. Relocation would not offset the problems for agriculture of high transportation and storage costs for ammonia production and distribution. Whereas the development of improved lower temperature and pressure catalysts is feasible, none is on the horizon as of this writing. 

A toller may need to use resources outside their company to measure physical properties, conduct safety or other testing, engineer changes to piping or other facilities and equipment. This need frequently occurs for products in the initial development or commercialization stage. The toller should maintain confidentiality agreements with their suppliers and subcontractors commensurate with the proprietary nature of their client companies processes. Provision to allow disclosure of information to third parties should be addressed in the contract between the toller and the client. It may be structured so that the client must approve the toller s release of information to third parties. 

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