Combat Agents

The basic element of EINSTein U an EINSTein Agent (EA) that can represent any primitive combat unit (infantryman, tank, transport vfihicle, etc,). Agents are equipped with four main characteristics  

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There are also some new trends emerging in areas that might not have been fully appreciated as recently as ten years ago. Three examples are smart colloids, nanodispersions, and the need to combat agents of terror. 

Physically, the systemic toxics are all light liquids with relatively low boiling points, high vapor pn ssures, and high volatilities. They arc the least persistent of all of the combat agents. 

Franke S (1976). Bacterial, Animal and Plant Toxins as Combat Agents, Manual of Military Chemistry, Vol. 2. Militaerverlag der DDR., Berlin, Germany, pp. 484, 485, 488-496. 

There are hundreds of topical steroid preparations that are available for the treatment of skin diseases. In addition to their aforementioned antiinflammatory effects, topical steroids also exert their effects by vasoconstriction of the capillaries in the superficial dermis and by reduction of cellular mitosis and cell proliferation especially in the basal cell layer of the skin. In addition to the aforementioned systemic side effects, topical steroids can have adverse local effects. Chronic treatment with topical corticosteroids may increase the risk of bacterial and fungal infections. A combination steroid and antibacterial agent can be used to combat this problem. Additional local side effects that can be caused by extended use of topical steroids are epidermal atrophy, acne, glaucoma and cataracts (thus the weakest concentrations should be used in and around the eyes), pigmentation problems, hypertrichosis, allergic contact dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, and granuloma gluteale infantum (251). 

The success of quinine inspired the search for other antimalarials. The greatest impetus for the development of synthetic dmgs came this century when the two World Wars intermpted the supply of cinchona bark to the combatants. A stmcturally related 4-quinolinemethanol is mefloquine (65, Lariam [51773-92-3]) which now serves as an effective alternative agent for chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. This is a potent substance that requires less than one-tenth the dose of quinine to effect cures. There are some untoward side effects associated with this dmg such as gastrointestinal upset and dizziness, but they tend to be transient. Mefloquine is not recommended for use by those using beta-blockers, those whose job requires fine coordination and spatial discrimination, or those with a history of epilepsy or psychiatric disorders. A combination of mefloquine with Fansidar (a mixture of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine) is known as Fansimef but its use is not recommended. Resistance to mefloquine has been reported even though the compound has not been in wide use. 

Definitions. Physical and chemical agents that combat pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms are often referred to as disinfectants. Attempts to standardize terminology by health agencies in the United States, such as the CDC, the Pood and Dmg Administration (PDA), and the EPA, have resulted in the following definitions. 

Antimicrobial agents refers to all chemical and physical agents used to combat microorganisms. 

Reactions (d) and (e) occur much less frequently than reactions (a)-(c) but do so at a sufficient rate to cause changes in most polymers. There are three methods available for combating such effects light screens, ultraviolet absorbers and quenching agents. 

Human bodies are constantly exposed to a plethora of bacteria, viruses, and other inflammatory substances. To combat these infections and toxic agents, the body has developed a carefully regulated inflammatory response system. Part of that response is the orderly migration of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. Leukocytes literally roll along the vascular wall and into the tissue site of inflammation. This rolling movement is mediated by reversible adhesive interactions between the leukocytes and the vascular surface. 

Another agent of this general type is nalmefene (47) Despite their useful characteristics, opiates display tolerance, addiction, abuse, and some toxic side effects Antagonists combat some of these effects, most notably respiratory depression and addiction Nalmefene reputedly has significant oral activity as a narcotic antagonist The synthesis of nalmefine concludes by Wittig olefination of naltrexone (46) to nalmefene (47) This molecular transformation resulted in a significant increase in oral potency as well (141... 

In this section we introduce a mobile CA model of land combat called EINSTein, developed at the Center for Naviil Analyses for the US Marine Corps. We include a discussion of this model here becau.se it is an interesting blend of CA-like local dynamics and agent-based modeling techniques. 

This basic combat logic may be enhanced by three additional functions (1) defense, which adds a notional ability to agents to be able to withstand a greater number of hits before having their state degraded, (2) reconstitution, which adds a provision for previously injured agents to be reconstituted to their alive state, and (3) fratricide ( or friendly fire), which adds an element of realism to ISAAC combat by making it possible to inadvertently hit friendly forces. 

Payoffs to Using Agent-Based Models of Combat... 

The payoff of an agent-based approach is a radically new way of looking at fundamental issues of land combat. Models such as these are emphatically not to be used for prediction rather they are best used to enhance understanding. Specifically, agent-based models of combat are designed to help military theorists... 

Users are also given an opportunity to construct a context for understanding their own conjectures about dynamical combat behavior. The agent-based simulation is therefore a medium in which questions and insights continually feed off of one another. 

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