Colorectal pathology

A series of examinations, including proctoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, or barium enema, may be necessary to determine the presence of colorectal pathology. 

Ajaj W, Pelster G, Treichel U et al (2003) Dark lumen magnetic resonance colonography comparison with conventional colonoscopy for the detection of colorectal pathology. Gut 52 1738-1743... 

Fig. 10.4 Interference staining of normal and pathological human blood cells (a) control erythrocytes of a conditionally healthy person under conventional microscope without any staining, (b) the same sample deposited on the sdicon substrate, (c) and (d) multilayer structure of interference pattern, (e) live erythrocytes of a patient diagnosed with colorectal cancer...

The COX-2 enzyme, however, seems to be produced primarily in injured cells that is, other chemical mediators (cytokines, growth factors) induce the injured cell to synthesize the COX-2 enzyme, and this enzyme then produces prostaglandins that mediate pain and other aspects of the inflammatory response.19,61,84 There is also considerable evidence that the COX-2 form is responsible for producing prostaglandins in other pathological conditions such as colorectal cancer.62,100... 

Q8 Since iron deficiency may follow pathological blood loss, some investigation of possible sources of blood loss, particularly into the gut, is advised before treatment of the anaemia is started. Haemorrhage into the gut, for example from erosion or ulceration of the stomach or from sites in the large intestine in colorectal cancer, can be simply detected by testing for (occult) blood in the faeces. 

H. T. Lynch, T.C. Smyrk, P. Watson, S.J. Lanspa, J.F. Lynch, P.M. Lynch, R.J. Cavalieri, and C.R. Boland. 1993. Genetics, natural history, tumor spectrum, and pathology of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer An updated review Gastroenterology 104 1535-1549. (PubMed)... 

Jass JR, Familial colorectal cancer pathology and molecular characteristics. Lancet Oncology 2000 1 220-6. 

Colon tissue was selected as a model for the comparative analysis of soft tissue by FT-IR and Raman imaging at low and high lateral resolution, because it contains aU four major tissue types such as muscle, connective tissue, epithelium and also nerve cells. The vibrational spectroscopic fingerprints of normal tissues and their distribution in control samples were determined. The compilation of such data is important before a method can be applied to pathological colon tissue such as colorectal adenocarcinoma, which is the third most common form of cancer and the second leading cause of death among cancer patients in the Western world. Colorectal adenocarcinomas originate from epithelial cells and are able to infiltrate the subjacent layers of colon and rectum. 

Greenson JK, Huang SC, Herron C, et al. Pathologic predictors of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Am J Surg PafW. 2009 33 126-133. 

Lane Z, Epstein JI, Ayub S, Netto GJ. Prostatic adenocarcinoma in colorectal biopsy clinical and pathologic features. Hum Pathol. 2008 39 543. 

Lynch HT, Lanspa S, Smyrk T, et al. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndromes I II). Genetics, pathology, natural history, and cancer control. Part I. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1991 53 143-160. 

Describe xeroderma pigmentosum and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, their causes, pathological consequences, and relationships to DNA repair. 

Bl. Baker, E. A., and Leaper, D. J., The plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase systems in colorectal cancer Relationship to tumour pathology. Eur. J. Cancer 39, 981-988 (2003). 

Because colorectal cancer develops through two differently pathological pathways, Lanza et al. used miRNA microarray chip to investigate different miRNA profiles of colorectal cancer between two differently pathological pathways. They reported the presence of 27 differently expressed gene, including 8 miRNAs and showed that their functions were most frequently associated with cell cycle, DNA replication, recombination, repair, gastrointestinal disease, and immune response [60]. 

A unique capability of CT colonography over other colorectal examinations is its capability of examining the entire abdominal and pelvic content This offers the possibility of detecting extracolonic pathology. 

Fletcher J, Johnson C, Reed J et al. (2001) Feasibility of planar virtual pathology a new paradigm in volume-rendered CT colonography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 25 864-869 Kara AK, Johnson CD, Reed JE (1997) Colorectal lesions evaluation with CT colography. Radiographics 17(5) 1157-1167 discussion 1167-1168... 

Scott DJ, Guthrie JA, Arnold P etal. (2001) Dual phase helical CT versus portal venous phase CT for the detection of colorectal liver metastases correlation with intraoperative sonography, surgical and pathological findings 56 235-242... 

Wong SK, Jalaludin BB, Morgan MJ et al. (2008) Tumor pathology and long-term survival in emergency colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 51 223-230... 

---