Coloration product design

After the hair is bleached it has an uimatural straw-like color and is then dyed to the desired tone with either a semipermanent or a permanent hair color product. The dye products designed to color bleached hair to a natural looking blonde shade are called toners. 

As an initial step, the product designer must anticipate the conditions of use and the performance requirements of the product, considering such factors as life expectancy, size, condition of use, shape, color, strength, and stiffness. These end use requirements can be ascertained through market analysis, surveys, examinations of similar products, testing, and general experience. A clear definition of product requirements will often lead directly to choice of the material of construction. At times incomplete or improper product requirement analysis is the cause for a product to fail. 

Preliminary consideration of candidate materials, processes and tooling factors, configuration, thicknesses in section, ribs, bosses, holes, surface characteristics, color, graphics, decoration, and assembly methods will begin to impose some discipline on the product design as it evolves. In the middle and latter phases of the design cycle, two or three concepts should make their validity apparent to all involved. With luck (logic), one will... 

Several anthraquinone dyes are used in dyeing thermoplastics such as polymethacrylate, (modified) polystyrene, and polycarbonate. The dyes also are used in combination with titanium dioxide or other materials to provide body colors for the thermoplastics. Initially compounds with relatively simple structures were used, many of them drawn from stocks of existing intermediates. Since then new products designed to satisfy the specific requirements have become available. 

Design of the raw material and fabricated product handling system has a major impact on the plant s manufacturing costs and housekeeping. It is based on the different materials used, annual volume of each material, number of different colors, production run lengths, etc. A properly designed pneumatic system generates plastic velocities of at least 5000 ft/min (1500 m/min). 

There are many types of photochromic and thermochromic materials. Due to the introductive nature and consequent brevity of this work, only selected subject areas will be examined. This work is intended to introduce product designers, chemists, color matchers, and laboratory technicians to the special colorant area of photo-and thermochromics. 

Companies will custom formulate colorant and additive products designed to be used by plastic molders, who will, in turn, produce the final consumer products. The raw materials for colorant and additive products may be in powder, liquid, or solid form. The products formulated from them may also be in powder, liquid, or solid form. Dry color formulations (powder form) currently comprise less than 5% of the total colorant and additive products being produced today. Liquid formulations account for another 5% however, this form of product is increasing in popularity and is expected to capture a larger share of the colorant and additives market in the near future. The solid form, known as concentrates or masterbatch products, are concentrated ingredients encapsulated in a carrier resin that is usually in pellet form. This type of product comprises the overwhelming majority of the formulated products used by molders and compounders today. A discussion of the basic production processes associated with the production of the various colorant and additive product types is presented below. 

Such multilayer interference configurations filter the spectrum into a sequence of high-reflectance regions surrounded by low-reflectance regions and thus lend themselves, in principle, to high-purity color production. The detailed spectral characteristics can be widely controlled by controlling the specific design parameters. 

Most quantitative tests are designed so that after a short incubation period (e.g. 30 min), the build-up of colored product is suitable for measurement. Only few assays use enzyme kinetics for the estimation of enzyme concentrations, probably because such methods are less sensitive. Methods based on product build-up require the stopping of the reaction for all samples at the same time. 

Several tests that are usually applied to the lower-molecular-weight colorless (or light-colored) products are not applied to residual fuel oil. For example, test methods such as those designed for the determination of the aniline point (or mixed aniline point) (ASTM D-611, IP 2) and the cloud point (ASTM D-2500, ASTM D-5771, ASTM D-5772, ASTM D-5773) can suffer from visibility effects because of the color of the fuel oil. 

LC—MS) analysis of culture broth extracts, and reporter gene activation have all been successfully used as readouts in high-throughput assays designed to find small-molecule-producing clones (see Section 2.13.4). The most frequently used functional assays have been color production and antibacterial activity. While any assay strain can he selected for an overlay assay, Bacillus subtilis is commonly used due to its sensitivity to most known classes of antibiotics. Using simple functional assays, clones that produce new natural products have been recovered from both Escherichia coli- and Streptomyces lividans-h seA eDNA libraries (see Section 2.13.4). 

Design a flow injection system for determining lead in the aqueous effluent from an industrial plant based on the extraction of lead ions with a carbon tetrachloride solution of dithi/.one, which reacts with Pb to form an intensely colored product. 

ELISAs can be designed for use with either reading by eye or a spectrophotometer although different conditions and controls have to be included. The principles of ELISA must be thoroughly understood before either system is adopted. In particular testing by eye is not necessarily simpler to standardize. However, when correct standardization is used, it offers sensitive assays. When a correct plate template is used, the range of color product will be fix)m full through partial color to no color. 

Consider the risks involved with selling products which measure below the critical solar reflectance characterized in the previous step. The critical solar absorptance value of 40% became a clear design criteria for current and new color product offerings in this system. 

A color measurement instrument can be used as a tool to record the lifecycle of any color. The goal is to maintain the integrity of a color from design through implementation to production to final assembly and delivery. In the automotive field a color begins life at the design table, where a color or concept of colors is determined that will enhance a specific car or line. This would be an excellent point to capture a color measurement, because chances are the color may never be the same again. 

Several methods have been described that employ a special substrate designed to give a colored end product after hydrolysis, or one that can be easily converted to a colored product. The p-nitrophenol liberated from the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate is readily measured directly (191). y8-Naphthyl laurate has been used as a substrate for serum lipase. The )8-naphfhol hberated is combined with tetrazotized di-o-anisidine to give a pigment (211, 212). Several esters of 2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid have been used as substrates for milk lipase. The naphthol-sulfonic acid liberated is determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (213). 

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