Colorants in Japan

Another important market is in toothpaste, for which the pigment has been approved worldwide. It also lends color to lipstick and other decorative cosmetics. In the US, it is registered by FDA as D C Red 30, in Germany as C-Rot 28 according to the DFG Catalog for Cosmetic Colorants, in Japan as Red No. 226. 

Japaa In Japanese Food Law, synthetic and naturally occurring additives are treated differently. The latter, in particular naturally occurring flavors and vitamins, do not require any special permission for use. The Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) is responsible for the approval of color additives which are outlined in a positive list of approved colors. MHW allows petitions for the addition of a new colorant to the list. Synthetic dyes permitted for food coloring in Japan include food dyes approved in the EU or/and in the USA (Table 5.7). 

See Table 6 for a list of commonly used pharmaceutical colorants in Japan. This list does not contain all of the acceptable colorants that may be used, but does highlight the major colorants with significant commercial implications along with some of the quantity restriction information. 

The total consumption of succinic acid and succinic anhydride in 1990 was 1,500 t in the United States, 2,500 t in Europe, 7,500 t in Japan, and 1,500 t in other countries. Production was 500 t in the United States, 2,500 t in Europe, and 11,000 t in Japan. The total installed capacity is in the 18,000—20,000-t/yr range. The total consumption decreased slightly between 1990 and 1994 mainly because of the replacement of succinic acid by fumaric acid in bath preparations, which is one of the main uses of succinic acid in Japan. The principal producers are Buffalo Color in the United States, Lon2a SpA and Chemie Tin 2 in Europe, Kawasaki Kasei, Nippon Shokubai, Takeda Chemical, Kyowa Hakko, and New Japan Chemical in Japan. 

Shikonin [517-89-5] (Cl 75535) occurs as an acetyl derivative in the Japanese shikone, Uthospermum eTythrorhi n another member of the Boraginaceae family. It is the (R)-optical isomer of alkannin (66). Tissue cultures of E. eythrorhi n are used in Japan to manufacture shikonin mainly for cosmetic use (67). Both alkannin and shikonin are mordant dyes producing violet to gray colors on fabrics. In Japan, shikonin was used to dye fabrics a color known as Tokyo Violet. Shikalkin [54952-43-1] the racemate (11), has been synthesized (68). 

The upper limit for passive matrix OLEDs thus depends on many factors, including the reverse current of the diodes, the current delivery of the row drivers, the roll-off in OLED power efficiency, and the brightness and contrast ratio requirements of the application. The practical limit is probably less than VGA resolution (480 rows by 640 x 3 columns, where the factor of 3 reflects the RGB subpixels for color) for power-sensitive portable applications. However, such considerations are less important where a wall-plug is available and one company in Japan (Idemitsu Kosan [190]) has demonstrated full color television using passive OLED arrays. 

Shirozu, H. (1958) X-ray powder patterns and cell dimensions of some chlorites in Japan, with a note on their interference colors. Mineral. J., 2, 209-223. 

Shakudo. Shakudo is a copper alloy used in Japan since the third century b.c.e. for making decorative and ornamental objects. In addition to copper it also includes gold (1—4%), silver (about 2%), and lead (about 1%). Occasionally gold replaced part or even all of the silver. Exposed shakudo surfaces acquire a layer of patina consisting mainly of the mineral cuprite (composed of cuprous oxide), which exhibits a characteristic shine. Varying amounts of gold in the alloy are said to have a marked effect on the color and the shine (Notts 1988 Oguchi 1983). 

P.R.57 1 is a useful colorant for a variety of special purpose media, including colored pencils and crayons. A number of countries have legally defined purity regulations concerning the use in decorative cosmetics articles, such as face powder and lipstick. The same is true for cheese casings [11], Suitable grades are commercially available, they are registered in the USA as D C Red 7, in Japan as Red No. 202. 

P.R.151, a barium lake, being produced in Japan, affords a bluish red color, which may be referred to as carmine. Of medium tinctorial strength, the pigment is used primarily in plastics. 

More akin to silk yarns, continuous filament POY produces lighter fabrics, typically of 100 % PET. Such yarns have provided a fertile field for imaginative engineering of cross-sectional shapes, fiber sizes and combinations of color and texture. An entire field of specialty filament yarns known as Shingosen has been developed in Japan, providing novel and luxurious fabrics that cannot be duplicated with natural fibers. 

Electronic chemicals (see Section 11.4) provide another illustrative example of the difference between fine and specialty chemicals Merck KGaA produces a range of individual fine chemicals as active substances for liqnid crystals in a modern multipurpose plant in Darmstadt, Germany. An example is (trans,trans)-A-[difluoromethoxy)-3,5-difluorophenyl]-4 -propyl-l,l -bicyclohexyl. Merck ships the active ingredients to its secondary plants in Japan, Sonth Korea, and Taiwan, where they are compounded into liquid crystal formulations. These specialties have to comply with stringent use-related specifications (electrical and color properties, etc.) of the Asian producers of consumer electronics such as cellular phones, DVD players, and flat-screen TV sets. 

Kitamura, S. Murata, G., Genshoku Nihon Shokubutu Zukan, Mokuhon Hen (Colored Illustrations of Woody Plants in Japan), Hoikusha Publishing Co. Osaka, 1980 Vol. 2, p. 231. 

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