Color overview

Figure 16.23 Overview of the structure of the SV40 virus particle, showing the packing of pentamers. The subunits of pentamers on fivefold positions are shown in white those of pentamers in six-coordinated positions are shown in colors. The six colors indicate six quite different environments for the subunit. (Courtesy of S. Harrison.)...

This section provides an overview of the synthesis of dyes and pigments used in textiles and related industries. Dyes are soluble at some stage of the application process, whereas pigments, in general, retain essentially their particulate or crystalline form during application. A dye is used to impart color to materials of... 

The information presented in this chapter is intended to provide a brief overview of the composition, performance, and formulation properties of LAS by itself and in combination with other surfactants. The particular performance synergies and processing characteristics of certain combinations of surfactants are discussed briefly. The examples of mixed active formulations provided herein represent to the best of the author s knowledge the approximate levels of major surfactants in actual household detergent products both past and present. This does not imply that these formulations are complete because many additives, such as bleaches, enzymes, builders, hydrotropes, thickeners, perfumes, and coloring agents, may also be present in varying amounts. 

Color, size, position in space, grouping, and ranking of tiles provide a big picture overview of the adverse event profile of a drug. 

In addition, there are the highly appreciated review journals, which publish overviews of the status of certain topics of interest in the field. Advances in Catalysis, Catalysis Reviews Science Engineering and Catalysis, Specialist Periodical Reports publish the most exhaustive reviews. CaTTech is a colorful magazine that publishes shorter reviews along with news from the catalysis community. Also the News Brief section of Applied Catalysis fulfills this important role. 

This section aims to present a brief overview of the most significant literature covering general aspects of common techniques used currently for natural food colorant analysis, and specifically current protocols applied to analyze minor natural food colorants whose chemical and technological properties are presented in Sections 2.3 and 7.2. We consider here only pure colorants or extracts that seek or have received approval for use as food additives in the United States and European Union. Legislative aspects are detailed in Sections 7.1 and 7.2. 

Since food colorants are used as food additives, they must also comply with legislative requirements. Food legislation in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) differs with regard to additives and labeling. Therefore, this section provides an overview of legislation in the EU (Section 7.1.6.1) and the US (Section 7.1.6.2) and discusses colorants permitted for use in food products according to the different requirements. 

Begins with an overview of the physics and biochemistry of colorants... 

The synthesis of carbonyl colorants uses a wide diversity of chemical methods, in which each individual product essentially has its own characteristic route. This is in complete contrast to the synthesis of azo dyes and pigments (Chapter 3) where a common reaction sequence is universally used. The subject is too vast to attempt to be comprehensive in a text of this type. The following section, therefore, presents an overview of some of the fundamental synthetic strategies which may be used to prepare some of the more important types of carbonyl colorants. 

Figure 11.16. Overview of 3D NW circuit integration, (a) Contact printing of NWs from growth substrate to prepatterned substrate, (b) Three-dimensional NW circuit is fabricated by the repetition of the contact printing, device fabrication, and separation layer deposition steps N times. [Reprinted with permission from Ref.75. Copyright 2007 American Chemical Society.] (See color insert.)...

Figure 11.40 Overview of the entire library of catalysts based on the metals Fe(ll) and (III), Ni(ll), Co(ll) and Cr(ll) and (III). The activity on the z axis is displayed as grams of polyethylene per millimole of catalyst per hour. The dicarbonyl backbones are visualized as color encoding the amine substituents are encoded as number on the y axis.

An overview of the effect of crystal structure on color application properties of organic pigments was published [7]. 

An overview of the procedure for an ELISA is as follows Fix cells onto the well of the plate block the cells and well surface to prevent nonspecific binding incubate the cells in the presence of the primary antibody rinse away any unbound antibody incubate the cells in the presence of the enzyme-linked secondary antibody rinse away unbound antibody add enzyme subshate read the color reaction with a plate reader. 

Marte, W. Meyer, U. Verdicker-Recyclierung im Textildruck. Textil-veredlung 1995, 30, 64-68. Roberts, D.L. Hall, M.E. Horrocks, A.R. Environmental aspects of flame-retardant textiles - an overview. Rev. Prog. Color. 1992, 22, 48-57. 

The authors wish to reiterate that the Color Atlas of Pharmacology cannot replace a textbook of pharmacology, nor does it aim to do so. Rather, this little book is designed to arouse the curiosity of the pharmacological novice to help students of medicine and pharmacy gain an overview of the discipline and to review certain bits of information in a concise format and, finally, to enable the experienced therapist to recall certain factual data, with perhaps some occasional amusement. 

In Section 6.3.2, we presented experimental data from strong-field excitation and ionization of K atoms with shaped femtosecond laser pulses. Here we give a description of the apparatus and strategy used in the experiments presented in this contribution. Figure 6.12 gives an overview over the complete experimental two-color setup. For the experiments on strong-field control of K atoms (cf Sections 6.3.2.2, 6.3.2.3, and 6.5) only the one-color beamline was used. An... 

Table 51 shows an overview of pigments with luster effects. Effect pigments can be classified as metal platelets, oxide-coated metal platelets, oxide-coated mica platelets, platelet-like mono-crystals and comminuted PVD-films (Physical Vapor Deposition). Aims of new developments are new effects, colors, improvement of hiding power, increase of the interference color, increase of light and weather stability and improved dispersibility characteristics. Of special interest are pigments which are toxicologically safe and which can be produced by ecologically acceptable processes. 

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