Color cosolvents

Raw materials in Solution The types of raw materials used to be part of solutions are presented in Table l.They have different purposes and can be cosolvents, electrolytes, buffers, antioxidants, preservatives, coloring, flavoring and sweetener agents, among others. 

The usual experimental procedure for carrying out reductions in the absence of an added proton donor entails the addition of a metal (Li, Na, K) to a solution of the substrate ketone in a mixture of NH3 and an ethereal cosolvent, usually ether or THF at the reflux temperature of liquid NH3. The metal is added until a permanent blue color is obtained and the reaction is stirred for 10 to 30 min. The excess Li is decomposed, traditionally with NH4CI or an alcohol however, sodium benzoate is probably superior. ... 

Because of its poor water solubility, beta-carotene cannot be used to color clear aqueous systems, and cosolvents such as ethanol must be used. 

Tetraglyme (2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxapentadecane) has been used in the hy-droxymethylation of aldehydes via addition of benzyl chloromethyl ether in the presence of Sml2. Addition of tetraglyme suppresses the competitive pinacol formation, presumably by a complex formation with Sml2 as evidenced by a purple color [25]. Tetraglyme has also been used as a cosolvent in an intramolecular Barbier reaction involving an iodoaldehyde and a THF solution of diiodosamar-ium [26]. 

Because of the toxicity of HMPA, studies on other samarium(II) additives have been carried out by several researchers. DMPU, a well-known and less toxic alternative to HMPA, has sometimes been used as a cosolvent for Sml2 reactions. Addition of DMPU to a THF solution of Sml2 results in an immediate color change from blue to purple. 

Metered-dose inhalations and nasal aerosols should be evaluated for appearance (including content, container, and the valve and its components), color, taste, assay, degradation products, assay for cosolvent (if applicable), dose content uniformity, labeled number of medication actuations per container meeting dose content uniformity, aerodynamic particle size distribution, microscopic evaluation, water content, leak rate, microbial limits, valve delivery (shot weight), and extractables and leachables from plastic and elastomeric components. Samples should be stored in upright and inverted/on-the-side orientations. 

Waterborne basecoats with higher solids contents are now available metallic basecoats contain about 18wt% solids and solid (straight) color basecoats 25-40 wt%. The solvent in waterborne paints is not pure water about 15% of organic solvents is still needed as a cosolvent for proper film formation. Metallic basecoats are applied at a DFT of 15 pm, solid color basecoats at a DFT of 20-25 pm. 

Figure 16.5. Snapshots of the simulation of different binary mixtures - water-DMSO in the top panel, water-ethanol in the middle, and water-TBA in the bottom panel. Water molecules are shown in silver. Co-solvents (DMSO, ethanol, and TBA) are represented in blue. The snapshot is shown at two different concentrations - one before the onset of percolation to show the microheterogeneity in the system, and one after the onset of percolation to show the spanning cluster of the cosolvent. Figure adapted with permission from/. Phys. Chem. B, 115 (2011), 685. Copyright (2011) American Chemical Society. See plate section for color version.

Uses Resin chemical intermediate for phenolic resin synthesis and modification, varnishes and impregnating materials, plasticizers, gennicides, insecticides, coloring material, indelible inks, lubricants, preservatives raw material for surfactants, antioxidants, anticorrosives lubricant additive resin modifier cosolvent for insecticides Manuf/Distrib. Arista Ind. 

Uses Coupling agent, solvent, vehicle, diluent, carrier for flavors, fragrance oils, sol. colorants, vitamins, medicinals, cosmetics emollient for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, creams/lotions, makeup food additive, emulsifier, stabilizer, defoamer cosolvent for toiletries in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings in paper/paperboard in contact with aq./fatty foods defoamer in food-contact paper/paperboard in food-contact textiles Regulatory FDA 21 CFR 172.856, 173.340, 175.300, 176.170, 176.210, 177.2800 Manuf./Distrib. ASiE Connock http //www.connockco.uk, Ashland http //www. ashchem. com M M P http //www.mmpinc.com-, Mosselman NV http //www.mosselman.be Trade Name Synonyms Aldo DC [Lonza http //www.ionza.com]-, Calgene CC-22 t[Lambent Tech, http //www.petroferm.com], Calgene CC-22-S f[Lambent Tech. http //www.petroferm.com]-, Calplex CC-221 t[Lambent Tech, http //www.petroferm.com], Captex 200 [ABITEC http //www.abiteccorp.com]... 

Waterborne coatings. This group contains deionized water as a dispersing agent. Normally cosolvents are added (up to 25 %). The term waterborne coatings is mainly applied to industrial coating materials, which differ from silicate colors, wood preservative varnishes and emulsion paints. 

Cosolvent SA and RA pairs with the same background color could be selected to dean the same soil. 

The Ra value In Table 3.7 is between the SA and RA cosolvents For example, the Intermolecular forces manifested by 2-ethyl hexyl acetate and diethyl ether are surprisingly similar — separated by an Ra value of only 1.18 MPa. These cosolvents would be a good choice to remove linseed oil (light yellow color in Table 3.7) — if one was not concerned about flammability or stability of the ether. 

Compare the dark colored bars, green (Class II) and brown (Class III) vs. the light colored bars (green (Class II) and brown (Class III), to assess the effect on energy requirements of increasing the volatility difference between SA and RA cosolvents. 

Uses Emollient, softener, gloss aid, lubricant for cosmetics, hair care, skin care, topical pharmaceuticals cosolvent, solubilizer In perfumes lubricant for metalworking and wire drawing pigment dispersant and binder in color cosmetics Features Nonoily... 

Uses Emollient, moisturizer, pigment wetting agent/dispersant, cosolvent in cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals Features I ncreases water vapor porosity of fatty components Properties Gardner -1 color sol. in alcohol, animal, veg., and min. oils pour pt. -20 C acid no. 0.10 ref index 1.445 Wickenol 159 [AIzo]... 

Uses Cosolvent for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, carrier for flavors and colors soiubiiizerfor antibiotics, medicinals diluent emollient for creams, lotions, ointments... 

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