Collectivity number

Leuconostoc citrovorum 8081 (American Type Culture Collection number). 

The culture, now bearing the product number C-076 and the Merck culture collection number MA-4680, was submitted for taxonomic studies. Its characteristics, including a brownish-gray spore mass color, smooth spore surface, spiral sporophores born as side branches on the aerial mycelia and the production of melanoid pigments, were unlike those of any previously described species of Streptomyces. The culture was named Streptomyces avermitilis, the Streptomyces "capable of separating from worms". 

Anyone who has ever made ice cream knows that the addition of rock salt to ice causes it to melt and produce a liquid-ice solution below 0°C. This is just one example of how the physical properties of a solution differ from those of a pure solvent. Properties that depend on the amount of solute present in a solution are termed colligative properties. Colligative means collective properties. These properties are termed colligative, because the properties depend on the collective number of particles present in solution rather than the types of particles. The major colligative properties and how they affect solutions compared to their pure solvents are summarized in Table 11.4. 

A written plan stating how validation will be conducted and defining acceptance criteria. For example, the protocol for a manufacturing process identifies process equipment, critical process parameters/operation ranges, product characteristics, sampling, and test data to be collected, number of validation runs, and acceptable test results [1],... 

Picture inflating a basketball. As you add more and more air to it, more molecules collide against the inside wall of the basketball. Each collision exerts a force on the basketball s inner surface area. The collective number of collisions as well as the strength of the force form the net or overall gas pressure. Since the molecules move in all directions, the net pressure exerted will be equal throughout. (Figure 11.8 illustrates this.)... 

Take the largest pile and select a complete specimen with many, well preserved flowers (and fruits if present). Make an analytical description of the plant. If you work together with other persons let somebody check your description. Then continue with other specimens of the pile. Make on another sheet of paper notes on the details in which each subsequent plant differs from the first one, for each organ and for all measurements. Keep these separated for each collection number. Is any variation in characters present If specimens appear to be very different at closer look, e.g, in flower details remove these from the pile, to study when you have finished the other piles) they probably do not belong to the same taxon. 

Another way of identifying a specimen is to look it up in Identification-lists belonging to a flora or a revision, where a duplicate of the specimen may have been cited. Provided that no different species got mixed up under the same collecting number, you have found the name. This sort of identification is determination by means of verification of extensionally defined membership, the duplicate in your hands, e.g. collected by C.A. Backer under number 18132, belongs according by the list by Bosnian fi de Haas ( 1983. Blumea 28, 483) to species nr. 7, corresponding with Tephrosia luzonensis. The set of specimens these authors have studied and listed in this identification list forms thus the extensionally defined set of specimens. 

For both equipment and replacement batteries, the annual acquisition rate (number of units acquired per year - purchased or received as second hand) is significantly higher than the annual quantity available for collection (number of units available for collection per year either as being taken back to a collection point or as being discarded in MSW). This is the consequence of the consumer behaviour with a reliable (long life)... 

Place of collection Number of specimens tested Toxicity (MU/g) ... 

Dt and Z)r are the rotational and translational difiusion coefficients, respectively. The analogy between translational and rotational motion can be extended further. We can define not only position (r) dependent isotropic collective number density, p(r,t) but also position (r) and orientation (fi) dependent collective orientational density, p r,il,f). These collective quantities are different from tagged (single) particle densities, as they count not just the tagged but all the molecules in the system present in a volume element arovmd r and ft. 

Collection Number Host Plant Region Locale... 

Occasionally, to better identify a species lacking a culture collection number, additional data are supplied, e.g., Absidia orchidis (Vuill.) hagem. 

At this point, it is pertinent to compare the above excitation index method with the approaches based on visualizing the transition orbitals [46], When using L -indices for the given excitation one need displaying only the full excitation distribution. In the transition orbitals method, to be consistent, one must display all the significant orbitals, which makes it difficult to get the united picture. In fact, such situations arise whenever collectivity number (14.25) is markedly greater than one. From the results of Sect. 14.5 we can conclude that these situations occur rather frequently (see in particular the instructive analysis of triplet states of terphenyl in Sect. 14.5.4). 

Table 14.1 Excitation energy X (in eV experimental values after slash), collectivity number k and excitation localization distribution L for the lowest singlet and triplet transitions in some typical PAHs...

The electronic state symmetry, transition energy (in eV), and collectivity number are given at the bottom of each image... 

We also observe that in many cases of oligomeric strucmres, collectivity numbers (14.25) can amount to large values. Therefore, some additional words are called for... 

Table 14.5 Transition energy A (in eV), osdUator strength (in parentheses), collectivity number K, excitation distribution La, CT numbers (14.37) for intra-fragment (/i = h->-]) and interfragment (/i- ii) interactions, and CT,ot (in %) in the lowest p-transitions of biphenyl...

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