Collaboration: synchronous

G. Jung and helped him develop the theory of synchronicity discussed in the introduction.2 This collaboration between Jung and Pauli illustrates that physicists had begun to question the... 

We would like to acknowledge many years of fruitful collaboration with Jeppe Sturis and Kenneth Polonsky in the area of insulin-glucose feedback regulation. Christian Binder provided the clinical results applied in our analysis of insulin absorption from subcutus. Brian Lading, Yuri Maistrenko, and Sergiy Yanchuk contributed to our study of bifurcation and synchronization phenomena in pancreatic -cells. 

In collaboration with Alexander Gorbach, NIH, we have initiated a study of the spatial patterns in the nephron synchronization. This study involves the use of infrared cameras or other types of equipment that can measure variations in the blood supply by small (0.01°C) fluctuations in the temperature at the surface of the kidney. It is also of interest to study how the large amplitude oscillations in pressure, fluid flow, and salt concentration at the entrance of the distal tubule influence the delicate hormonal processes in that part of the kidney, to establish a more quantitative description of some of the mechanisms involved in the development of hypertension, and to examine the effects of various drugs. 

One approach to this situation is to research low latency update mechanisms across a group of participants, either by sophisticated communication schemes or the sheer reduction of information that has to be synchronized. A Virtual Reality application usually processes a lot of data for the visualization. In comparison to that, interaction events that actually steer the application are both, small in size and less frequent in comparison to video interrupts from the graphics hardware. A simple, but working approach is to share interaction events between collaborative applications in order to ensure data locking. This approach can be used for the synchronization of PC cluster based large displays and is depicted in the following section. 

No matter what granularity is chosen for the concrete implementation, the important point is that at some stage a selection of an object is detected and rendered as an event. By promoting this event to all participants in the collaborative session over the network interconnect, a (delayed) synchronicity can be achieved by simply replaying the event on the remote sites. 

The collaboration between human and machine normally is synchronized, so that interaction is efficient. The synchronization can be controlled by the human, the machine, or both. Machine generally means an automated system, such as a robot. The common goal normally is a complex task where human and automated system can fulfill synchronized subtasks. Subtasks of the human are typically those where complex sensory-motor control abilities are required and the need for adaptation to changing conditions in the process is high. Subtasks of the machine are normally very repetitive with low complexity in handling of workpieces. Due to the combination of adaptivity... 

Most of my work with the synchronized Tetrahymena system has dealt with the first of the two above questions, i.e., with the mechanism in the synchrony induction. The present status of this problem, as we see it, will be reported briefly in the first section of this chapter. The field has received frequent attention in reviews (Zeuthen, 1958,1961a, b, 1964) and most recently and extensively in a paper by Zeuthen and Rasmussen (1970). Work on the second question (the efficiency of synchronization) was initiated in collaboration with Dr. Rose E. Cerroni (Cerroni and Zeuthen, 1962) and with Dr. K. K. 

With CPFR, trading partners agree to develop a collaborative business relationship based on exchanging information to support the synchronization of activities and to deliver products in response to market demand. 

Lapide, Larry, Derome, Jon, and Radjou, Navi, Analysts panel discussion, Supply-Chain World North America Extending Collaboration toEnd-to-End Synchronization, April 2002. 

Another relevant common aspect is represented by the spatial-temporal characterization of collaboration. Indeed, different styles can be defined according to different time and space combinations different timing and location can characterize groupware activities. Timing depends on whether participants act at the same or different times, i.e. synchronous or asynchronous collaboration. Location depends on where the participants are geographically, whether in the same place (co-located collaboration) or at different sites (remote collaboration) [39]. In product design four collaboration styles can be identified and separately analysed [40] ... 

Those styles are general and can be applied to the different dimensions of design collaboration. For instance, during conceptual design collaboration numerous human-to-human interaction events take place, as collaboration tends to be synchronous (co-located or remote). 

German M, Mengoni M, Peruzzini M (2012) An approach to assessing virtual environments for synchronous and remote collaborative design. Adv Eng Inf 26(4) 793-813... 

From a PLM process perspective the challenge is to provide in the Partner Hub only such data that are needed to fulfill the collaboration with the partner. In addition, data need to be synchronized with the local PLM system in an automatic way to avoid rephcated work and version mismatches. To establish such collaboration, internal data are typically pushed to the Partner Hub initiated by triggers. The trigger is fired at well-defined stages of the design process in the internal PLM system to synchronize the PLM data from with the Partner Hub. This connection is typically estabhshed by using a synchronization framework with connectors to the internal PLM system and to the Partner Hub. 

Different to a collaboration platform in which a central tool provides information to all partners and data exchange is supported by a synchronization framework, a neutral data model is a central aspect for asynchronous data exchange. In the automotive industry typically standards like STEP [23] or JT [24] are used for data exchange (see Sects. 21.6.2 and 21.7). It is the responsibility of all partners to provide and accept data in the defined neutral format. PLM integration platforms are typically used to support the data import and export scenarios. 

The project enhanced the partnership with key suppliers. For example, Nestle agreed to participate in the web-based collaboration system and heavily invested to ensure interfaces with their legacy systems. The EQOS collaborator enabled the realization of an opportunity to synchronize dynamic supply chain information between suppliers and customers. 

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