Coffee mycotoxin production

Frank M (1999), Mycotoxin prevention and decontamination. HACCP and its mycotoxin control potential an evaluation of ochratoxin A in coffee production , Third Joint FAO/WFIO/UNEP International Conference on Mycotoxins, Tunis, Tunisia, 3-3-0099. 

Contamination of crops and products with ochratoxin A and related metabolites is not as directly associated with a particular fungus as is the case with the aflatoxins. Ochratoxin A is also likely to occur with other mycotoxins, such as citrinin and penicillic acid or patulin. In addition, it is not certain whether ochratoxin A contamination is only a storage problem or perhaps a dual field and storage problem. In cases such as coffee crops, the use of insecticides might help to control insect activity and consequently fungal infection. Coffee-berry borers are a major insect pest which can act as vectors to carry fungal spores, resulting in crop infection and ochratoxin accumulation. 

The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (AAA) (7), which is a possible human carcinogen, continues to receive extensive attention due to its presence in a myriad of foods and beverages (1520, 1521) and its well-established toxicity (teratogenicity, mutagenicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity) (1522-1524). Major sources of ochratoxin A are grapes, must, and wine (1525-1533), cereals (1534), beer (1535,1536), dried fruit (1537), roasted coffee (1538), and cocoa products and chocolate (1539). 

Ketones derived from the pyrans, C5H4O2, Mr 96.09. 2//-pyran-2-one (a-P., cumalin) colorless liquid with an odor of hay and woodruff, mp. 5 °C, bp. 206 °C. 4W-Pyran-4-one (y-P.) hygroscopic cryst., mp. 32 °C, bp. 217 °C. Substituted P. such as maltol are formed, e. g., on heating carbohydrates, coffee, cocoa, coffee substitutes they are also involved in the odor and taste of bread and bakery products some of them act as taste intensifiers. Other derivatives of 2- or 4-P. such as kawain (see styrylpyrones), chelidonic acid, meconic acid, and kojic acid, etc. are found as metabolic products in plants and microorganisms in particular, the condensed ring systems of the chromones and coumarins are present in numerous natural products examples flavonoids, furocoumarins, "aflatoxins, and other mycotoxins. 

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