Codeine values

In addition the role played by the sorbent on which the chromatography is carried out must not be neglected. For instance, it is only on aluminium oxide layers and not on silica gel that it is possible to detect caffeine and codeine by exposure to chlorine gas and treatment with potassium iodide — ben2idine [37]. The detection limits can also depend on the sorbent used. The detection limit is also a function of the h/ f value. The concentration of substance per chromatogram zone is greater when the migration distance is short than it is for components with high h/ f values. Hence, compounds with low h/ f values are more sensitively detected. 

Medium abuse potential with possible medical value in U.S. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) with codeine, some barbiturates... 

Opiates can effect serum levels of enzymes and other substances whose homeostatic control depends on clearance through the liver (F8, G12, M15, N4, S19). In one reported case, the aspartate aminotransferase was within normal limits before the administration of codeine, but within 2 hours after the drug, the enzyme activity had risen to two times the normal value by 8 hours to eight times the normal activity, and within 24 hours it had returned to normal (F8). Increases in transaminase to levels 5-85 times the control value have been reported in 6 of 16 patients with disease of the biliary tree following the administration of codeine phosphate (2 grains) (B7, F8). Gross has shown that morphine, codeine, or mepheridine administration produce elevations of serum amylase or lipase (G12). These elevations have been attributed to constriction of the sphincter of Oddi and increased intraductal pressure on the pancreatic duct (G12, N4). 

Mhese values apply specifically to Codeine and Morphine. 

Although far less numerous than the terpenoid/isoprenoid or polyketide NPs, the alkaloids (with an estimated 20,000 different structures) have a special place in NP research because a few are of great value to humans—for example, morphine, theobromine, caffeine, vincristine, quinine, codeine, cocaine, nicotine and strychnine. These often complex chemicals are found in about 20% of vascular plants and a smaller number of fungi, marine invertebrates and a few bacteria. ... 

Thebaine (Figure 6.50) differs structurally from morphine/codeine mainly by its possession of a conjugated diene ring system. It is almost devoid of analgesic activity, but may be used as a morphine antagonist. Its main value is as substrate for the semi-synthesis of other drugs (see below). 

The risk of addiction is greater in the case of dihydrocodeinone than with codeine, but small doses (5 to 10 mg) are often of value in tuberculosis, measles, atypical pneumonia, etc., conditions in which cough is a troublesome symptom. 

The quaternary 13C NMR signals in codeine [164] can be assigned from spin-lattice relaxation time (Tj) measurements. Values of T, for large molecules in which dipole-dipole relaxation dominates may be described by the equation... 

Codeine (7.1) is an analgesic that may be administered by an IV bolus (Figure 7.4). A typical therapeutic Cp value for codeine is 200 ng/mL, and the hepatic extraction ratio (Eh) for codeine is 0.50. The clearance of codeine (CEp) is reported to be around 10.7 mL/min/kg, or 750 mL/min, in a 70-kg patient. Codeine is not observed in the urine of patients, so ER must be 0, and renal clearance (CER) is 0 mL/min. As a result, hepatic clearance of codeine (CEH) is equal to total clearance. Because codeine is cleared only by the liver, codeine provides a simple illustration of the ideas surrounding clearance. 

Codeinone was prepared by oxidation of codeine sulfate trihydrate. A reaction mixture was prepared containing codeine sulfate trihydrate (10.4 g), deionized water (20 g) and isopropyl acetate (87.2 g) at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was agitated and the resultant mixture cooled to about 20°C. Concentrated ammonium hydroxide (18.0 g) was added in several portions and the mixture was maintained at a temperature of about 20°C with stirring. Sting was continued for about 15 min, and then a small portion of the aqueous layer was withdrawn to check for pH value, which was to be advantageously maintained between 11.0 and 12.0. The aqueous layer was... 

Codeine has also been prepared in 70% overall yield, again without purification of intermediate compounds, from dihydrothebainone (132) by the route (132) — (137) shown in Scheme 4. The initial product of the action of bromine and then alkali on dihydrothebainone is the 1,7-dibromo-derivative of dihydro-codeinone, which can be reduced to dihydrocodeinone (133). This may be converted into 7-bromodihydrocodeinone dimethyl ketal (136), which on treatment with potassium t-butoxide in DMSO at 120 °C is converted exclusively into thebaine, but at 60 °C the product is codeinone dimethyl ketal (137), which can be hydrolysed to codeinone (131).154 The process has obvious value in the possible synthesis of codeine via dihydrothebainone, for which a patent has been filed covering a process that proceeds from the reduced isoquinoline (138) 155 the conversion of A-formylnordihydrothebainone into dihydrothebainone by hydrolysis and reductive methylation and by ketalization, reduction, and hydrolysis has been reported.156... 

Six 50-mg blank hair samples were extracted by SFE and the noise was integrated for the ion used for quantification (m/z = 355 for codeine, 369 for ethylmorphine, 383 for 6-MAM, and 397 for morphine) in a retention time window of tj + 0.5 min. The LOD and LOQ were determined (n = 6) using lUPAC methods. For each substance the standard deviation of the blank value (Sg) was determined. The mean area converted from the noise was calculated as concentration equivalent based on a calibration graph. The LOD is defined as 3Sg and the LOQ as lOSg. 

In these conditions, the detection limits are 30 pg/mg for codeine, ethylmorphine, and morphine, and 50 ppb for 6-MAM, while the quantification limits are 100 pg/mg for the first three opiates and 200 pg/mg for 6-MAM. These values are comparable to those obtained by Moeller et al., who proposed LODs of 100 pg/mg for opiates. 

C7H4O C]4H802 95. a. 303 9 g/mol b. No, codeine could not be eliminated since its molar mass is in the possible range including the uncertainty c. We would like the uncertainty to be 1 g/mol. We need the freezing-point depression to be about 10 times what it was in this problem. Two possibilities are (1) make the solution ten times more concentrated (may be solubility problem) or (2) use a solvent with a larger Kf value, e.g., camphor. 

The following data were obtained for the hydrolytic rate constant k of codeine sulfate at 100°C in phosphate buffers of varying total concentration Bj at pH values of 6 and 8 ... 

Figure 3.20 The structures and p/Ca values of aspirin, paracetamol and codeine.

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